KEPKESENTATIVE BODIES. 429 



both in small and in large ways, the industrial groups here 

 and there growing up within a nation, are, in many cases, 

 forced by local antagonisms partially to assume activities 

 and structures like those which the nation as a whole is 

 forced to assume in its antagonisms with nations around. 



Here the implication chiefly concerning us is that if indus 

 trialism is thus checked by a return to militancy, the growth 

 of popular power is arrested. Especially where, as happened 

 in the Italian republics, defensive war passes into offensive 

 war, and there grows up an ambition to conquer other terri 

 tories and towns, the free form of government proper to 

 industrial life, becomes qualified by, if it does not revert to, 

 the coercive form accompanying militant life. Or where, as 

 happened in Spain, the feuds between towns and nobles con 

 tinue through long periods, the rise of free institutions is 

 arrested; since, under such conditions, there can be neither 

 that commercial prosperity which produces large urban popu 

 lations, nor a cultivation of the associated mental nature. 

 Whence it may be inferred that the growth of popular power 

 accompanying industrial growth in England, was largely due 

 to the comparatively small amount of this warfare between 

 the industrial groups and the feudal groups around them. 

 The effects of the trading life were leas interfered with ; and 

 the local governing centres, urban and rural, were not pre 

 vented from uniting to restrain the general centre. 



500. And now let us consider more specifically how the 

 governmental influence of the people is acquired. By the 

 histories of organizations of whatever kind, we are shown 

 that the purpose originally subserved by some arrangement is 

 not always the purpose eventually subserved. It is so here. 

 Assent to obligations rather than assertion of rights has ordi 

 narily initiated the increase of popular power. Even the 

 transformation effected by the revolution of Kleisthenes at 

 Athens, took the form of a re-distribution of tribes and denies 

 for purposes of taxation and military service. In Koine, too, 



