REPRESENTATIVE BODIE3. 431 



After recognizing this primitive relation between popular 

 duty and popular power, we shall more clearly understand 

 the relation as it re-appears when popular power begins to 

 revive along with the growth of industrialism. For here, 

 again, the fact meets us that the obligation is primary and the 

 power secondary. It is mainly as furnishing aid to the ruler, 

 generally for war purposes, that the deputies from towns 

 begin to share in public affairs. There recurs under a com 

 plex form, that which at an early stage we see in a simple 

 form. Let us pause a moment to observe the transition. 



As was shown when treating of Ceremonial Institutions, 

 the revenues of rulers are derived, at first wholly and after 

 wards partially, from presents. The occasions on which 

 assemblies are called together to discuss public affairs (mainly 

 military operations for which supplies are needed) naturally 

 become the occasions on which the expected gifts are offered 

 and received. When by successful wars the militant king 

 consolidates small societies into a large one when there 

 comes an &quot; increase of royal power in intension as the king 

 dom increases in extension &quot; (to quote the luminous expres 

 sion of Prof. Stubbs) ; and when, as a consequence, the quasi- 

 voluntary gifts become more and more compulsory, though 

 still retaining such names as donum and auxiliiim; it generally 

 happens that these exactions, passing a bearable limit, lead to 

 resistance : at first passive and in extreme cases active. If 

 by consequent disturbances the royal power is much weakened, 

 the restoration of order, if it takes place, is likely to take 

 place on the understanding that, with such modifications as 

 may be needful, the primitive system of voluntary gifts shall 

 be re-established. Thus, when in Spain the death of Sancho L 

 was followed by political dissensions, the deputies from thirty- 

 two places, who assembled at Yalladolid, decided that demands 

 made by the king beyond the customary dues should be 

 answered by death of the messenger ; and the need for gaining 

 the adhesion of the towns during the conflict with a pre 

 tender, led to an apparent toleration of this attitude. Simi- 

 86 



