REPRESENTATIVE BODIES. 437 



So too was it in Scotland. The first known occasion on 

 wliich representatives from burghs entered into political 

 action, was when there was urgent need for pecuniary help 

 from all sources; namely, &quot; at Cambuskenneth on the loth 

 day of July, 1326, when Bruce claimed from his people a 

 revenue to meet the expenses of his glorious war and the 

 necessities of the State, which was granted to the monarch 

 by the earls, barons, burgesses, and free tenants, in full 

 parliament assembled.&quot; 



In which cases, while we are again shown that the obliga 

 tion is original and the power derived, we are also shown that 

 it is the increasing mass of those who carry on life by volun 

 tary cooperation instead of compulsory cooperation partly 

 the rural class of small freeholders and still more the urban 

 class of traders which initiates popular representation. 



502. Still there remains the question How does the 

 representative body become separate from the consultative 

 body ? Eetaining the primitive character of councils of war, 

 national assemblies were in the beginning mixed. The dif 

 ferent &quot; arms,&quot; as the estates were called in Spain, originally 

 formed a single body. Knights of the shire when first sum 

 moned, acting on behalf of numerous smaller tenants of the 

 king owing military service, sat and voted with the greater 

 tenants. Standing, as towns did at the outset, very much in the 

 position of fiefs, those who represented them were not unallied 

 in legal status to feudal chiefs ; and, at first assembling with 

 these, in some cases remained united with them, as appears to 

 have been habitually the case in France and Spain. Under 

 what circumstances, then, do the consultative and representa 

 tive bodies differentiate ? The question is one to which there 

 seems no very satisfactory answer. 



Quite early we may see foreshadowed a tendency to part, 

 determined by unlikeness of functions. During the Carolin- 

 gian period in France, there were two annual gatherings : a 

 larger which all the armed freemen had a right to attend, and 



