REPRESENTATIVE BODIES. 439 



disdained to mix with such mean personages ; &quot; and probably 

 the deputies themselves, little at ease in presence of imposing 

 superiors, preferred sitting separately. Moreover, it was 

 customary for the several estates to submit to taxes in dif 

 ferent proportions ; and this tended to entail consultation 

 among the members of each by themselves. Finally, we read 

 that &quot; after they [the deputies] had given their consent to 

 the taxes required of them, their business being then finished, 

 they separated, even though the Parliament still continued to 

 sit, and to canvass the national business.&quot; In which last fact 

 we are clearly shown that though aided by other causes, 

 unlikeness of duties was the essential cause which at length 

 produced a permanent separation between the representative 

 body and the consultative body. 



Thus at first of little account, and growing in power only 

 because the free portion of the community occupied in pro 

 duction and distribution grew in mass and importance, so that 

 its petitions, treated with increasing respect and more fre 

 quently yielded to, began to originate legislation, the repre 

 sentative body came to be that part of the governing agency 

 which more and more expresses the sentiments and ideas of 

 industrialism. While the monarch and upper house are the 

 products of that ancient regime of compulsory cooperation 

 the spirit of which they still manifest, though in decreasing 

 degrees, the lower house is the product of that modern regime 

 of voluntary cooperation which is replacing it; and in an 

 increasing degree, this lower house carries out the wishes of 

 people habituated to a daily life regulated by contract instead 

 of by status. 



503. To prevent misconception it must be remarked, 

 before summing up, that an account of representative bodies 

 which have been in modern days all at once created, is not 

 here called for. Colonial legislatures, consciously framed in 

 conformity with traditions brought from the mother-country, 

 illustrate the genesis of senatorial and representative bodies 



