— 20 — 



waiting till he has finished, when they throw themselves on what remains and fight 

 for it amongst each other. 



The country called Brahman has been identified as Bali, because the former 

 name is constantly given to it by the Chinese of later tirnes , who saw Brahmanism 

 there , when the Javanese had already accepted the Islam. It is very interesting to 

 know that in 992, the time of the envoy's visit in China, Bali was already called 

 the country of the Brahmans by the Javanese themselves ; it shows , what is indicated 

 also by tradition and religious monuments , that Brahmanism in Java had been sup- 

 planted to a great extent by Buddhism already , but from the old traditions there 

 remained a kind of superstitious dread of those, who had been the spiritual guides 

 of the country for so many centuries. 



About the situation of the seat of government nothing else is said , than that 

 it was about in the middle of the island , a little to the west. This agrees with 

 tradition , accorcling to which the capital at that time was situated in the present 

 district Banyumas. 



We now come to the Mongol dynasty , called Yuan in Chinese , which reigned 

 over China from 1280 — 1367, and of which the first emperor, Kublai, sent an expe- 

 dition against Java. In the history of this dynasty the particulars about this expedi- 

 tion are not all given in the account of Java, but partly occur in the biographies of 

 the three generals who led the Mongol troops. We will therefore successively translate 

 these four pieces and then try to resumé briefiy what they teach us about this expe- 

 dition and about the country which was the object of it. 



History of the Yuan dynasty (1280—1367). Book 210. 



Java (*) is situated beyond the sea and furtlier away than Chainpa; 

 when one embarks at Ch'üan-chou ( 2 ) and goes southward, he first comes to 

 Champa and afterwards to this country. 



The customs and products of this land are not much known , but as 

 a rule the barbarian countries over the sea produce rnany rare and valuable 

 things, which fetch a high price in China. The inhabitants are uglv and 

 strange , their nature and speech are not understood by the Chinese. 



O rj^ P^É , The cliaracters ^M j& Mtherto used for expressmg the name of Java, 

 having gradually changed their prommciation, did uot snit the purpose auy more and wcre discarded 

 from this time. Henceforth the Chinese write ïfi p^ which must be a transcription first used 

 by Pukien traders from the neighbourhood of Amoy or Ch'üan-clion, where these characters are pro- 

 noüuced Djiau-wa. In Chinese books the first cbaraeter is ofien erronouslj wrillen JJ^ which 

 makes Ihe name Kua-wa. 



(') 1Ê£ wl a port on Ihe eonsl o!' Fnkien . I'orinovlv of imich imporlanee. 



