INTRODUCTION XXIX 



the other two, they are termed tetradynamous. The stamens may 

 be free or united, and in the latter case they may all be united 

 into a tube below, as in the Malvacece, when they are termed 

 monadelphous (Greek monos, one, adelphos, a brother) ; or they 

 may be united in several groups or polyadelphous, as in the St. 

 John's-worts (p. 90) ; or they might be united by their anthers 

 only, as in the Composite, when they are called syngenesious 

 (Greek sun, together, genesis, beginning). In insertion they may 

 be hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous, or, when united to the 

 petals, as in the Primrose, epipetalous. In the Orchidece (p. 460) 

 the stamens are united with the carpels in a central column, and 

 are then termed gynandrous. 



The filament may ho. filiform or thread-like ; capillary, or so 

 slender as to bend under the weight of the anther, as in Grasses ; 

 subulate, or awl-shaped, as in the Tulip ; petaloid or broad, as in the 

 Water-lilies ; or absent, when the anther is termed sessile, as in Lilac. 



Though generally yellow, the anther is violet in many Grasses 

 and black in Poppies ; and among its chief variations in form are 

 the divergent ends of its two lobes in Grasses (p. 547). Its 

 attachment to the filament is often an important character. It 

 may be basifixed, or attached only at its base ; dorsifixed, or 

 attached along its whole length ; or versatile, so attached by a 

 point that it can be freely turned round, as in Lilies and Grasses. 

 It generally splits longitudinally when mature ; but less commonly 

 it does so transversely ; in the Heath tribe by terminal pores ; and 

 in the Barberry (p. 21) by valves. Whilst in the Composite and 

 Amaryllidacece it bursts inwards, towards the centre of the 

 blossom, or is, as it is called, introrse ; in Iridaceoz and the 

 Barberry it is extrorse, discharging its pollen outwards. 



The Carpels occupy the centre of the flower. There may be 

 only one, as in the Leguminosoz and Pninece (p. 137), or more 

 than one, and in the latter case they may be free from one 

 another, or apocarpous, as in the Ranunculacece, or united 

 {syncarpous), as in Liliacea. In either case the lower part forms 

 one or more chambers, containing the ovules or unfertilised 

 seeds, which chambers, if distinct, are termed ovaries ; if united, 

 a syncarpous ovary, which may be one-chambered, as in Violets 

 and Orchids, or have two, three, or more chambers, generally as 

 many as there are carpels. Above the ovary there is generally one 

 or more shaft-like tubes called styles. Each apocarpous carpel 

 will generally have a separate style, as in the Strawberry or the 

 Bramble ; but a syncarpous ovary, such as that of the Violet or 

 the Lily, may have only one. Sometimes, as in the Daisy and the 

 Iris, the style may fork at its upper end and it bears the stigma, a 



