212 BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



with us, tall forest trees and orchards ; rarely, if ever, seen on the ground. No. III. 

 Species which are seen in trees and bushes, and which also are often found on the 

 ground. 



Class I. Worm-eating Warbler, frequents thickets and bushy places in woods, 

 u sually near streams. Nest made up of leaves and hair-moss embedded in the ground. 

 Palm Warbler and Yellow Palm Warbler Seen mostly on the ground ; sometimes 

 may be observed on low limbs of trees or in bushes. Ovenbird The nest, usually 

 with the top covered over or roofed, is constructed of dead leaves, rootlets, dry 

 grasses, etc., embedded in the ground on hillside or other dry places in woods. This 

 bird particularly when disturbed and often when singing perches on the low limbs 

 of trees or bushes. The Water Thrush and Louisiana Water Thrush These two 

 species frequent swamps, pools and streams in woods and thickets ; their nests com- 

 posed of leaves, mosses, fine roots and grasses, are generally on the ground under 

 old stumps or logs. Although these two thrushes often perch on low limbs and 

 twigs, they are mainly terrestrial in habits. Kentucky Warbler Rarely seen in 

 trees, but often in low bushes. He delights to hide among the leaves of Skunk-cab- 

 bage in swampy thickets in woods, where, on the ground, its large nest of leaves, 

 fine roots, grasses, etc., is built often among the Skunk-cabbage plants or at the foot 

 of a spice-wood bush. Connecticut Warbler Found in thickets and bushy places 

 about the edges of woods, usually near streams. Maryland Yellow-throat Com- 

 mon frequenter of shrubbery and underbrush ; nests on the ground or very close to 

 it. During migrations sometimes seen in orchards. Mourning Warbler, inhabits 

 thickets. 



Class II. Tennessee Warbler In the autumn when this species is common, they 

 are mostly found low down in trees or bushes in woods. I have never seen them on 

 the ground. Parula Warbler Generally seen in the tops of high forest trees. Black- 

 throated Blue Warbler This species although commonly seen in trees, is often ob- 

 served in low bushes, and occasionally is seen on the ground. The following species 

 of the genus Dendroica, when with us, frequent for the most part, forest trees and 

 apple orchards, or high bushes. Cape May, Yellow, Myrtle, Magnolia, Cerulean, 

 Chestnut-sided, Bay-breasted, Black-poll, Black burnian, Yellow-throated (very 

 rare), and Black-throated Green Warblers, also, the American Redstart. 



Class III. Black and White Warbler Like a Nuthatch, this bird may gener- 

 ally be seen, circling around the trunks and larger branches of trees, in woods, 

 swamps and thickets. Nest on the ground usually concealed by dead limbs or 

 roots. The nest is composed mostly of strips of inner bark, lined with hair, mosses, 

 or fine grass. Of the genus Helminthophila, but three species, not included in either 

 of the two previous classes, are generally found here. They are the Blue-winged, 

 Golden-winged and Nashville Warblers. The Blue-winged Warbler, is one of our 

 common summer residents ; its nest of dead leaves, fine grass and rootlets, is placed 

 in a depression in the ground, usually in open woods or thickets. The Pine War- 

 bler, though generally seen in trees, sometimes is observed on the ground. Prairie 

 Warbler Mostly seen in low bushes, or high grasses from which it sometimes flies 

 to the ground to feed. Yellow-breasted Chat A common inhabitant of thickets, 

 and tangled undergrowth, where it nests ; often repairs to high branches of trees to 

 sing its loud and varied song. Three species of the genus Sylvania are found here, 

 one, the Hooded Warbler, is very rare ; the Wilson's Warbler and Canadian Warbler 

 are common during migrations. The species last named is generally seen in trees 

 and bushes. It nests on or near the ground in swampy woods. Most of the species 

 of the genera Helminthophila, Dcndroica, Sylvania and Seiurus, which occur gen- 

 erally throughout Pennsylvania, are found here only as spring and fall migrants, in 

 May and September, when the Warblers are most numerous. The birds of this 

 family, particularly those belonging to the genera Dendroica and Geothlypis, are, 

 with some few exceptions, attired in showy and attractive colors ; the prevailing ones 

 being black and yellow, with white patches, streaks and spots ; and different shades 

 of blue, olive-green arid red. The Black and White Warbler moves along the trunks 

 and limbs of trees not unlike the Nuthatch or Brown Creeper. The Water Thrushes 



