530 KEPOET OF THE COMMISglONER OF FISHERIES. 



soft ravs is the longest, and the succeeding ones decrease graduallj" in 

 size to the last, which is about one-half the length of the first. 



The ventral or pelvic fins are made up of 2 spin}' raj'S each, a long 

 and a short one, and 8 or 9 soft raj^s. The height is much greater 

 than the length at the base, but when folded back the fins do not reach 

 as far as the beginning of the anal fin. The pectoral fins have each 1 

 stift' ray and 15 or 16 jointed ones, are rather elongated with rounded 

 extremity, and reach back almost to the base of the ventrals. 



The caudal fin is large, broad, and equally lobed, with the ends of 

 the lobes rounded. The posterior notch is rounded, not verj' acute, 

 and extends in half the length of the fin or less. It is made nip of 18 or 

 19, or occasionally only 17, jointed rays, not counting the short incom- 

 plete rays (usuallj/ 4 to 6) outside the first long one on each side. The 

 longest rays of the caudal fin are usuallv shorter than the head, and 

 never exceed it in length. 



The body of the typical scale carp is uniform!}^ covered with large 

 thick scales which approach a polygonal, four or five sided outline. 

 In the lateral line, which extends nearly straight from the upper 

 angle of the opercle to the middle of the base of the tail, or ma}^ be 

 bowed slightly downward, there are 35 to 39 scales. Above the lateral 

 line are 5 or 6 rovv's, and below a similar number. The scales are 

 largest on the anterior part of the sides, where their diameter equals 

 about one and one-half times that of the eye. Usua,lly less than one- 

 fourth of the scale is exposed; this X)ortion is thicker and has a radial, 

 fanlike ornamentation. The portion of the scale which is concealed 

 b}' those in front of it is marked by fine concentric lines, which in 

 tiu'n form l^ands of varying width and regularity, and which are cor- 

 related with the growth of the scale. The middle of each scale of the 

 lateral line is traversed by a small oblique or slightly curved tube, in 

 which the sense organs of the lateral line are situated, and the cephalic 

 canals of the lateral line system are noticeable on the suborbital ring. 



In coloration the carp is fully as variable as in its other characters. 

 In general the sides are yellowish, golden, or greenish, shading into a 

 darker color on the back, which may be dark olive, or bluish-green, 

 or almost black with a greenish cast. The yellow of the sides often 

 becomes richer, approaching to orange on the ventral side between the 

 anal and caudal fins. The j^ellow of the sides shades into whitish on 

 the belly. The posterior edge of each scale has a dark border, and 

 there is usually a dark blotch on the anterior part of the exposed por- 

 tion, the two together forming a reticulated, or netlike pattern over 

 the fish, with a dark spot at the anterior angle of each mesh of the 

 net (fig. 1, pi. i). The lips are yellow or orange; the rest of the head is 

 dark olive, except the cheeks, which are yellowish, while the under 

 side of the head is light yellow or whitish. The iris is yellow. 



The dorsal fin is olive or dark gray, each interray space being 



