TELEOSTEI. 



169 



Alausa rvlgaris Cuv., Val., the Shad ; migrates in May at the spawning season 

 from the sea into the livers, e.g., up the Rhine to Basel, and in the Main to 

 Wiirzburg. Attains a length of three feet. A. pilchardus Bloch. Sardine, 

 Mediterranean. 



Fain. Esocidae (Pikes). The head is broad and depressed ; the dorsal fins are 

 placed far back. Pseudobranch glandular, hidden. Voracious carnivorous 

 fish, with wide throat and powerful dental armature. Esox lucius L., Pike ; 

 Umbra Kramcri Joh. Mull. 



Fain. Salmonidae. With adipose fin, simple swimming bladder, and 

 numerous pyloric appendages. The ovaries are sacs from which the eggs fall 

 into the abdominal cavity. At spawning 

 time, which is usually in the winter months, 

 the two sexes often exhibit striking dif- 

 ferences. They are large predatory fishes, 

 and belong principally to the rivers, moun- 

 tain streams, and lakes of the northern 

 regions. They like clear cold waters with 

 stony bottom ; but they have, also, repre- 

 sentatives in the sea, whicli ascend the rivers 

 and their tributaries to spawn. Coregonus 

 Wartmanni Bloch, Blaufelchen ; in the 

 Alpine lakes. Thymallus vulgaris Nilss. 

 (vexillifer), Grayling ; Salmo salvelinus L., 

 Saibling ; 8. liuclio L., Huchen, in the region 

 of the Danube, a large predatory fish. 8. salar., Salmon ; S. lacustris L. 

 (Seeforelle, Schwebforelle), in the lakes of the Alps of Central Europe. 

 S. trutta L., Salmon or Sea trout ; S.fario L., Trout. 



Fam. Cyprinidae (Carps). Fresh-water fish, with narrow mouth, often 

 provided with oarbules. The jaws are weak and without teeth, but the lower 

 pharyngeal bones are abundantly furnished with teeth (fig. 611). Cyprinus 

 carpio L., the Carp ; Carassius vulgaris Nilss., Crucian and Prussian Carps 

 (Karausche) : Tines I'ulgaris GUY., Tench ; Bavins flnviatitis Ag., the Barbel ; 



FIG. 611. Lower pharyngeal bones 

 with the teeth, of a carp (afler 

 Heckel and Kner). 



FIG. 612. BJiodsus amarus. Female (after v. Siebold). 



Gobio fluriatilis Flem., the Gudgeon ; Rhodeus amarus Bloch. (Bitterling). 

 The female has an ovipositor with which she deposits the ova in the gills of the 

 fresh-water mussel (fig. 612). Alburmts lucidus Heck. Kner, the Bleak; 

 Leuciscus rutilns L., the Roach ; L. cephalus L., the Chub : Chondrostoma 

 nasus L., (Nasling) ; Arbramis brama Flem., Bream ; Phoxinus Icevis L. Ag., 

 Minnow. 



Fam. Acanthopsidae. The swimming bladder is contained in a bony capsule. 

 Cobitis fossilis L. ; C. barbatula L., Loach; C. tccnia L., Spined Loach or 

 Groundling. 



