326 MAMMALIA. 



Fam. Ursidae (Bear-like Carnivora). Plantigrades of unwieldy form, with 

 elongated snout, and broad, usually quite naked soles, and five digits. Ursus 



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L., Bear. Of unwieldy build, with very short tail. Grinders : - - - 



tQ Q 1*1 9'91 



i.e. p.m. -- carnassial, > m. 1. The front grinders fall out early. 



V". maritimvs Desm., Polar Bear, Northern Polar Sea ; U. arctos L., Brown 

 Bear ; Procyon lotor L., Washing Racoon, is wont to dip its food in water, 

 North America ; Nasua rufa Desm., the Coatimondi (Riisselbar), Brazil ; 

 Cercoleptes caudivolvulus 111., the Kinkajou (Wickelbar), Guiana and Peru. 



Fam. Uustelidae (Marten-like Carnivora). Some are plantigrade (Badger), 

 some semiplantigrade ; body elongated, with short legs, and five-toed feet with 

 non-retractile claws ; only one molar behind the large carnassial. Meles taxus 

 Pall., Badger. Mepliitis mesomelas Licht., Skunk (Stinkthier), North America. 



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Gulo lorealis Briss., Glutton ; Mustela martes L., Pine-marten, grinders: --- ^ 



M.foina Briss., House-marten ; M. zibelina L., Sable-marten, Siberia ; Putorius 

 putorius L. ; P. vulgaris L., Weasel ; P. erminea L., Ermine ; P. lutreela L. , 

 (Nb'rz) ; Lutra vulgaris Erxl., Common Otter ; L. canadensis Schreb., North 

 America ; Enhydris marina Erxl.. Sea- otter, West islands of North America. 



Fam. Viverridae (Civets). Body elongated, sometimes cat-like, sometimes 

 marten-like in form ; with pointed snout and long tail, which is sometimes rolled 

 up into the form of a ring ; they are either plantigrade, semiplantigrade, or 

 digitigrade. The feet have five digits, and the claws, are usually entirely, or 

 half retractile. Half the foot, or only the toes, are placed on the ground. 



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Viverra zibctha L. Grinders : - With large glandular sac between the 



anus and external generatives, in which the oily secretion known as " Civet," 

 and used as perfume and for external application in medicine, accumulates. 



V. zivetta Schreb., the African Civet-cat, domesticated in Egypt and Abyssinia ; 



V. genetta L., the Genet, South Europe ; Herpestes ichneumon L., the Mongoose 

 or Ichneumon (Pharaonsratte), Egypt and South Europe. 



Fam. Canidae (Dogs). Digitigrades, wiih non-retractile claws, 'five-toed front 



31 2 



feet, and four-toed hind feet. Canis lupus L., Wolf. Grinders : . In 



Europe, especially Norway and Sweden, also in Asia ; C. latrans Sm., the 

 Prairie Wolf ; C. aureus L., the Jackal; C.familiaris L., Dog (cauda sinistror- 

 sum recurvata L.). The numerous races, which are known only in the domesti- 

 cated and run-wild state, have certainly been derived from more than one ances- 

 tral species. C. vulpes L., Fox ; C. lag opus L., Polar Fox, gray in summer, 

 white in winter. 



Fam. Hyaenid&e (Hyzena-like Carnivora). Digitigrades with sloping back 

 which bears a mane of elongated hairs. The dentition resembles that of the 

 Cats in the small development of the molars, of which there is only one in the 

 upper jaw. Hycena striata Zimm., the striped Hyasna of Africa and parts of 



311 

 India. Grinders o r TV -^ crocuta Zimm., the spotted Hysena of South Africa. 



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Fam. Felid&s (Cats). Digitigrades of slender build, adapted for jumping ; 

 with short jaws, and only few grinders four in the upper, three in the lower 

 jaw. Molars absent, except one small tooth above projecting transversely 

 inwards. The canines and carnassials are, however, so much the more power- 





