340 MAMMALIA. 



alveolar portion ; with thick lips, short flat nose, retreating forehead 

 and chin (facial angle only 75). They inhabit Central and South 

 Africa (Negroes, Kaffirs, etc.). 



4. The American race, with brown-yellow or copper-red skin, with 

 stiff black hair, deep-set eyes, projecting cheek bones, and broad 

 face. The forehead is narrow, the nose short, but projecting. They 

 inhabit America. 



5. The Malayan race, with yellow-brown to black skin, with close 

 black loose hair, broad thick nose, turned-up lips and projecting jaws. 

 They inhabit Australia and the East Indian Archipelago. 



Cuvier recognised only the white, or Caucasian, the yellow, or 

 Mongolian, and the black, or Ethiopian races as such ; and in dis- 

 tinguishing them he laid great stress on differences in language and 

 capability of civilization. The efforts of the modern Anthropologists 

 to found a better and more natural division of races and stocks are 

 based, according to the works of Retzius, principally on the value of 

 the dimensions of the skulls, for the measurement of which a number 

 of methods have been invented. Retzius distinguishes according to 

 the different forms of the face and skull, the long-heads, or Dolicho- 

 cephali (9 : 7), and short heads or Brachycephati (8:7); and further, 

 according to the disposition of the jaws and teeth, the Orthognathi 

 and the Prognathi. The people of Europe are orthognathous, and in 

 great part, the Celts and Germans excepted, brachycephalic. 



