CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



I. INTRODUCTION 1 



II. LEAVES 5 



III. STEMS 41 



IV. ROOTS 71 



-V. GERMINATION OF SEEDS . . . . . .84 



VI. ALG^ ........ .98 



VII. FUNGI 129 



VIII. LIVERWORTS . . . . . . , . .165 



IX. MOSSES 175 



X. FERNS 183 



XI. HORSETAILS AND CLUB-MOSSES 197 



XII. GYMNOSPERMS 207 



XIII. ANGIOSPERMS . . . . . . . . .220 



XIV. FLOWERS AND INSECTS ....... 242 



XV. SEED DISPERSAL . . . . . . . . 255 



XVI. MONOCOTYLEDONS ........ 262 



XVII. DICOTYLEDONS : ARCHICHLAMYDE^S .... 282 



XVIII. DICOTYLEDONS : SYMPETAL^L . . . ... . 302 



XIX. PLANT-BREEDING 316 



XX. FORESTRY 320 



XXI. PLANT ASSOCIATIONS 324 



XXII. HYDROPHYTES 328 



XXIII. XEROPHYTES . 337 



XXIV. MESOPHYTES .......... 845 



INDEX . 357 



