2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER 



The animal of the Brachiopod had attracted the attention of Pallas in 1766, 

 Pennant in 1773, Grundler in 1774, MllUer in 1776, Poli in 1791, Lamanon and Cuvier 

 in 1797; bnt no regular anatomical dissections had been executed, and these observations 

 seemed, in a great measure, to be limited to the labial appendages, mantle, and some 

 other minor details. This most important inquiry was, however, subsequently admirably 

 followed out by such excellent zoologists and anatomists as Cuvier,^ E. Owen,^ Huxley,^ 

 Vogt,* Macdonald,^ Hancock," Gratiolet,^ De Lacaze-Duthiers,^ King," E. DeslongchamjDS,^" 

 and others," to whose works the reader is referred, as it would not be possible in the 

 limited space devoted to the description of the species dredged by the Challenger 

 Expedition to write a treatise on the history of the class, or to refer to the fossil genera 

 and species, which vastly outnumber those inhabiting the existing seas. 



Eestricting ourselves, therefore, to the recent species, we may observe that the correct 

 knowledge we now possess with respect to their geographical and bathymetrical distribu- 

 tion is mainly due to the numerous governmental and private dredging expeditions 

 carried out during the last forty years. Before that period very few reliable data were in 



' Cuvier. — Sur I'animal de la Lingule anatine, Memoires dii Museum, vol. i., 1802. 



2 E. Owen. — On the Anatomy of the Brachiopoda, Trans. Zool. Soc, vol. i., communicated in 1833. Sur I'appareil 

 de la circulation chez les Mollusqnes de la classe des Brachiopodes, Annales des Sciences Nat., 3d ser. ; Zoologie, vol. ui., 

 Acad, des Sciences, 1845, and in Davidson's British Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction. 



2 T. Huxley. — Contributions to the Anatomy of the Brachiopoda, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiv., 2d ser., 

 Oct. 1854. 



* Vogt. — Anatomie der Lingula anatina, 1845. 



^ Macdonald. — On the Physiology of the PaUial Sinuses of the Brachiopoda, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xxiii., 1862. 



^ A. Hancock. — On the Organisation of the Brachiopoda, Phil. Trans., vol. cxlviii., 1858. 



' P. Gratiolet. — Reoherches pour servir k I'Histoire des Brachiopodes, Journal de Conchyliologie, Oct. 1857-1860. 



* De Lacaze-Duthiers. — Histoire naturelle des Brachiopodes vivants de la Mediterranee, Annales des Sciences Natur- 

 elles, Zoologie, vol. xv., 1861. 



" W. King. — On Some Characters of the Living Lingula anatina, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., July 1873. 



1" E. Deslongohamps. — Recherches sur I'organisation du manteau chez lez Brachiopodes artioules, Caen, 1864. 



11 Semper. — Vascular System of Lingula, &c., ZeitschrLft fiir wissenschaftliohe Zool., vol. ii., 1859, and vol. xiv., 1864. 

 S. P. Woodward. — A Manual of the Mollusca, 1856. E. Morse. — The Brachiopoda: a Divisionof Annelida, Am. Journ. of 

 Science and Art, vol. for 1870. On the Oviducts and Embryology of Terebratulina, vol. iv., 1872. On the Systematic 

 Position of the Brachiopoda, Proc. of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xv., 1873. Embryology of Terebratulina, Mem. 

 Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. ii. On the Early Stages of T. septentrionalis, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii., 1869. 

 F. Midler. — Early Stages of Certain Brachiopoda, Reichert und du Bois-Reymond's Archiv, 1860, and in Wiegmann's 

 Archiv, 1861; see also Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist,, 3d ser., vol. viii. p. 505. Steenstrup. — Proc. Royal 

 Danish Academy, 1847. Kowalevsky. — On the Embryology of Argiope, Tliecidium, and Terebratulina (written in the 

 Russian language), 1873 ; also A. Agassiz. — Silliman's American Jovu'nal of Science and Art, 3d ser., 1874. Herouard. — 

 Sur les coui'ants de nutrition des Brachiopodes, Ann. des Sciences Phys. et Chim., 3d ser., t. xiv., and Journal de Con- 

 chyliologie, 1877, Davidson. — British Fossil Brachiopoda, Introdtiction, 1853. What is a Brachiopod? Geol. Mag., 1877, 

 &c., &o. Dall. — Report on the Brachiopoda, obtained by the U. S. Survey Ex., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1877, and other 

 papers. W. B. Carpenter. — On the Microscopic Structure of Shells, Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1843 ; On a Peculiar Arrangement 

 of the Sanguiferous System in Terebratula, &c., Proc. of Royal Soc, vol. vii., 1854 ; and m Davidson's Brit. Foss. Brach. 

 Pal. Soc, 1853. W. King. — On the Histology of the Test of the Class Palliohranchiata, Trans. Royal Iri.8h Academy, 

 vol. xxiv., 1867. J. Gwyn Jeffreys. — British Conchology. Oscar Schmidt. — Die neuesten Untersuchuugen iiber die 

 Brachiopoden. Halle, Zeitschr. Gesammt. Naturw., Bd. iii., 1854, j^p. 325-333. E. Suess. — tjber die Wohnsitze der 

 Brachiopoden,— AVieu, Sitz. Ber., Bd. xxxvii., 1859, pp. 185-248. 



