REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 61 



most brilliaut emerald green. Mr L. Reeve states in his monograph of Lingula — " Mr 

 Cuming happened to be at Manilla in 1836 after an unusually boisterous typhoon, when 

 as many as twenty bushels of this species were collected on the shore of the bay." It 

 occurs, no doubt, in other places. In the British Museum there are specimens from Timor 

 (Stoke's Coll.), and from the Fiji Islands (Hind's Coll.). 



Observations. — This is the only species of the genus brought home by the Challenger 

 Expedition. It is also one of the oldest and best known. Cuvier, who was the first (as 

 far as I am aware) who described the animal in 1797 and 1802, observes : " Comme elles 

 n'ont point do dents h leur charniere, on ne pouvait deviner, en les voyant isolees, qu'elles 

 etoient bivalves ; et Linnaeus qui n'en avoit vu qu'une, I'avoit placde parmi les patelles, 

 sous le nom d'tingtds, sous lequel elle paroit encore, quoiqu' avec doute, dans I'ddition 

 de GmeHn. Rumphe, et d'apres lui Favanne avoient pense que ce pouvoit ^tre le bouclier 

 testace de quelque limace. Chemnitz ayant eu occasion d'en voir les deux valves, jugea, 

 je ne sais trop pourquoi, qu'elle devoit passer dans le genre cles jambonneaux, et la 

 nomina Pinna unguis. Brugui^re est le premier auteur systematicjue qui ait su que 

 ces deux valves sont naturellement attachdes k un p^dicule membraneux, comme celle 

 des tSribratules et des anatifes, et qui en ait fait en consequence, dans les planches de 

 I'Encyclopddie, un genre particulier dont il ne donne point de description, parce c[ue son 

 ouvrage et sa mort I'emp^chferent de conduire jusqu'a la son dictionnaire d'Helmin- 

 thologie. Mais le citoyen Lamarck a adopte et caracterisd ce genre." 



The animal of Lingula anatina has been anatomically studied with great minuteness 

 by several of our best contemporary zoologists. Professor R. Owen described it in 1833, 

 in the Philosophical Transactions of the Zoological Society ; and again in his chapter on 

 the anatomy of Terehratula, in the Introduction to my work on British Fossil BrachiojDoda. 

 In 1845 the same subject was well treated by Dr C. Vogt, in his memoir, Anatomie der 

 Lingula anatina. In 1856 it was studied by Dr S. P. Woodward in his excellent 

 Manual of the MoUusca, in 1858 the anatomy of Lingula anatina was admirably 

 treated by Albany Hancock, in his memorable memoir On the Organisation of the 

 Brachiopoda, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Then 

 followed, in 1860, Dr Gratiolet's remarkable memoir. Etudes anatomiques sur la Lingide 

 anatina, printed in the Journal de Conchyliologie. We have likewise Professor Semper's 

 important observations On the Animal of Lingula anatina, in the Zeitschrift fur wissen- 

 schaftliche Zoologie, vol. ii. p. 100, 1859, and in the Reisebericht in the Zeitschrift fiir 

 wissenschaftliche Zoologie, vol. xiv. p. 424, 1864 ; and lastly, Professor King's instructive 

 memoir, on some characteristics of Lingula anatina, in the 4th ser., vol. xii., 1873, of 

 the Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. To aU these works the reader is referred. 



When young, and up to a certain age, Lingula anatina is ver)- oval, and rounded 

 at its anterior margin ; the beaks tapering more than in the adult condition. Some 

 specimens also attained somewhat larger proportions that those above recorded, but 



