6 Physical Character of the Karens. [No. 1, 



Kai, or Kay is the name given them by the Bghais, but they never 

 use it alone. They make three divisions of the tribe. 



Kai-kheu " Upper-Kai," often applied to the whole tribe. 



Kai-la " Lower-Kai." 



Kai-pie-ya " Kai's people." 



Gai-kho is the name which the Burmese give them in imitation of 

 the Bghai Kai-kho. 



Pa-htoung is the name the Red Karens give them. 



Hashwie is a small tribe related to the Kay, and thus denominated 

 by the Bghais. 



Hashu is the name they give themselves. 

 Toungthu, or Lau. 



The Toungthus are related to the Pwos by their language. 



Toung-thu is the name given them by the Burmese. 



Pa-au is the name by which they designate themselves. 



There is nothing to associate this tribe with the Karens but their 

 language, excepting that the people have the appearance of being a 

 Shan tribe. 



Shan Karens. 



The generic name that the Shans give the Karens in their own 

 country is Yang, which is softened in Burmese into Yen, or Yein. 

 Hence we have of the following Karen tribes is the Shan country of 

 which we know little more than the names. 



Yang-lang, "Black Karens." 



Ying-ban. 



Yen-seik. 



Yein. 



Sok, or Tsok is the name the Shans give all the Karens that reside 

 in the Burmese territories, without distinction of tribe. 

 Physical Characteristics. 



Though the preceding tribes are one in language, they are scarcely 

 one in anything else. They differ materially in their physical cha- 

 racteristics. 



The Pwos and Toungthus, that usually inhabit the lowlands, resem- 

 ble the Burmese, who inhabit similar localities, in their physical 

 traits more than they resemble the Karens that dwell on the moun- 

 tains. They are a short muscular people with large limbs, larger than 



