56 Tableau of High Asia. [No. 1, 



Glacier lakes. — Accumulations of water formed by one glacier ob- 

 structing the outlet of a higher one— are of much more frequent occur- 

 rence. At times, the wall of ice breaks away before the pressure of 

 the swollen waters, when the lower lands become suddenly inundated, 

 and the torrent rushes on with uninterrupted violence for miles, exer- 

 cising a marked influence even down to the lower parts of the river. 

 Similar inundations, some of them of a most destructive character, 

 have several times occurred. Two of the most elevated glacier-lakes 

 are the Destal (17,745 ft.), in Garhval, and the Nanitso, or Yunam 

 (15,570 ft.) in Lahol. 



Western Tibet and Turkistdn possess many lakes, all of which are 

 situated in great heights ; they are, however, gradually drying up, as 

 becomes apparent by the unmistakeable marks of larger surfaces re- 

 maining from former times. They contain a greater quantity of salt 

 than lakes in general, and most of them to an amount which renders 

 them more or less brackish. 



The following are the names and the heights of the principal : — 

 Lakes of Western Tibet and Turkistdn, 



Aksae Chin, 16,620 



Mma Kar, ... 



... 15,100 



Tso Gyagar, ... ... 15,693 



Haule, ... ... 



... 14,600 



Tso Kar, or Khauri Talau, 15,684 



Tso Gam, 



... 14,580 



Mure Tso, ... ... 15,517 



Tso Bui, 



... 14,400 



Khik-Kiol, ... 15,460 



Tso Mitbal, ... 



... 14,167 



Mansaraur, or Tso Mapan, 15,250 



Upper Tsomognalari, 



... 14,050 



Bakus Tal, or Tso Lanag, 15,250 



Lower Tsomognalari, . . . 



... 14,010 



Tsomoriri,... *15,130 







In the Andes, the most rem 



arkable lake is that of 



Titicaca 



(12,843 ft.) 



The foot of the Alps is adorned with a great many lakes, all in low 

 elevations of from 600 to 1,600 ft. 



2. Springs. 



Springs of an ordinary, mean temperature, commonly called cold 

 springs, are of frequent occurrence in High Asia ; the finest and most 

 copious springs are to be found in Kashmir, as the spring Vernag, 

 Vetur Vullar, Kokar Nag, Achibal, A'nat Nag and others. The 

 spring Sonda Breri, also in Kashmir, situate about five miles south- 

 east of Shahabad, is the only intermittent spring as yet known in 

 High Asia. 



* According to Mr. Theobald, Jr. (see Journ. As. Soc, Beng , 1862, No. V«> 

 p. 513) only 14,272. 



