18GG.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. ' 91 



Srinuggur. These beds were near enough to enable me to ride to. 

 them in a few hours, and I soon found that they contained the same 

 forms as were known to occur in the dressed blocks of limestone 

 (obtained from Buddhist ruins) of which the river-walls and river- 

 stairs of Srinuggur are built, and I also found the remains of one of 

 the antique quarries near my favourite locality. Ultimately, the 

 rocks reported to be nummulitic were found to be carboniferous, and 

 the so-called nummulites, rings of Encrinite-stems ; the volcanic rocks 

 were also ascertained to be pakeozoic in age and not intrusive. (See 

 para. 53, where the Manus Bal limestone is described in detail.) 



To my friend, Captain Godwin- Austen of the great Trigonometrical 

 Survey, I owe my best thanks. I had wished that this paper 

 might have been written in conjunction with that gentleman, and it 

 would have been well for the reader, if it had been so ; but as Capt. 

 Austen went to Bhotan and I to Bunnoo, such a hope had to be 

 abandoned. 



In drawing up the map, I have used for its topography whatever 

 materials I could procure, but I have not had the benefit of many 

 recent discoveries and surveys. The compilation was made from works 

 of very different values. Kashmir, Hazara and the British Trans-Indus 

 districts are, I believe, tolerably accurate ; the Salt Range is less so ; 

 whilst the Korakoram Chain, the Hindoo Koosh, Kaffiristan, Chitral, 

 Kabul, etc. only lay claim to give a general outline and direction of the 

 ranges, valleys and rivers. About the Hindoo Koosh, I much regret 

 not having been able to avail myself of the maps of Kaffirstan lately 

 published in the office of the Surveyor General of India. 



It may appear, on seeing how little of the Afghan mountains is 

 geologically coloured, that there was no necessity of extending the 

 map as far as the Hindoo Koosh, but I hope that the advisability 

 of having sketched in this chain will be acknowledged, after reading 

 the fourth chapter of this memoir. 



The geology of the map is partly from my own observations and 

 partly from information obtained from friends and travellers ; I have 

 endeavoured to enter nothing which did not appear pretty certain. 

 I have been able to sift satisfactorily a good deal of the information 

 obtained, by means of specimens which were either shown or given 

 to me. 



