1866.] the Western Himalaya and Jfylian Mountains. 99 



disposition of the miocene and the bending backwards of the beds in 

 contact with the felstone. These beds are partially concealed by a 

 very high river-terrace of conglomerate, but this has been washed off 

 in many places and the rocks are left uncovered. 



There is, in the Sub-Himalaya, sufficient evidence of miocene 

 sandstone having been mostly raised by a lateral movement ; there 

 appears to have been a reflection, a refoulement of the miocene 

 beds towards the S. and the W., as if the enormous masses of the central 

 chains had surged up through a chasm of the earth's crust and forced 

 the sandstone aside, instead of lifting it up. And thus the volcanic 

 rock of my diagram would have pressed against the miocene, and 

 curbed up and bent back the yielding plastic beds of sandstone and 

 clay. 



9. Returning now to Buniar, half way between Ori and Baramoola, 

 we cannot fail to admire the remains of a Buddhist temple of con- 

 siderable size and great beauty. It is built of a white porphyry, 

 and of this porphyry we must now speak in detail. 



The stones of the temple were obtained from huge blocks which 

 are strewed on the river terraces on both sides of the Jheelum, in the 

 neighbourhood of Buniar. Some of these blocks are of enormous 

 size : one I noticed is about 20 feet above ground and nearly as thick 

 and "broad as it is high. No water-power could have moved such 

 enormous masses, and they have evidently been brought down by 

 glaciers. I have been told that Mr. Yigne supposed them to have been 

 brought by icebergs floating on a huge Kashmir lake, but we need 

 not go so far for their origin, as the Kaj Nag peaks, seven miles to 

 the north, and the Sank or Sallar, eight miles to the south, are mostly 

 composed of this porphyry. A glance at the map will easily demon- 

 strate how glaciers, filling up the narrow valleys of the Harpeykai and 

 the Khar Khol, brought down to the river-terraces blocks of porphyry 

 detached from the summits of Kaj Nag and Sallar (13,446 ft. 

 and 12,517 ft.). I had not time to visit these valleys and look 

 for ancient moraines, but some blocks show strise and scratches such 

 as glaciers alone can produce. These glaciers no longer exist, but their 

 disappearance is only the result of a change of climate of the Himalaya, 

 which is abundantly proved to have taken place at a very late 



