104 Mr. Verchere on the Geology of Kashmir, [No. 2, 



S 



Fig. 3. 



manner, as represented in the accompanying diagram (fig. 3) : 1, Upper 

 Miocene with Mammalian Bones ; 2, Lower Miocene without fossils 

 (excepting a few roots and stems and imprints of leaves) ; 3, Porphyry 

 and Felstone, &c. 



The upper bed is therefore not seen near Murree, whilst the lower bed 

 is equally absent from the great plateau of Rawul Pindee, where the 

 fossiliferous sandstone is always seen to rest directly on the Nummulitic 

 formation, wherever this breaks through the miocene. The bed we 

 have to deal with here is, therefore, the upper miocene only. It is 

 much folded and faulted, forming stray folds and many faults at both 

 extremities of the bed, and rolling in broad undulations in the centre 

 of the plateau. Now, if we examine the much up- tilted beds near 

 Futteh Jung, Nusrulla, or else close to the Salt Range near Kalabagh, 

 we find them composed of a grey or greenish calcareous sandstone, of 

 conglomerate and of sandy indurated clays containing nodules of 

 kunkur. These beds look like inclined and parallel walls sticking 

 out of the alluvium, and separated one from the other by open spaces 

 or intervals ; and one may at first sight fancy that the several strata 

 have been wrenched apart at the time they were upheaved. But if 

 we examine the beds where they are nearly horizontal, as in the 

 neighbourhood of the Soane river near Kothair or Jubbie, we find 

 that they consist of a hardly cohesiye sand, very white and composed of 

 minute grains of albite and quartz, with black grains of augite and 

 spangles of mica. I have been in the habit, in taking notes, to call 

 this sand, Pepper and Salt sand, and I shall here make use of this 

 term, as it is a convenient one. Interstratified with this sand we find 

 the beds of grey or greenish sandstone, of conglomerate and of sandy 

 clay noted at Futteh Jung ; and it becomes evident that at the places 

 where we first observed the beds, and where they are much tilted up, 



