1866.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 115 



east of the Jheelum. If we travel, on the map, from the N. W. to 

 the S. E. of the valley of Kashmir, following the banks of the Jheelum, 

 we shall notice a series of mountains of moderate height, encroaching 

 into the valley, and separated one from the other by broad lateral 

 valleys more or less filled with lacustrine deposits. The first mountain 

 we meet is on the eastern side of the Woolar lake, and is called the 

 Safapoor (10,309). Its foot is bathed by a small but exquisitely 

 picturesque lake, (PI. 6) the Manus Bal. The next is close to 

 Srinagar and is the Zebanwan (8813). Ten miles to the south-east, 

 the Wastarwan, near Avantipoor, is the next summit ; then, after 

 crossing the valley of Trahal, we meet the hill of Kamlawan (8601), 

 over the village of Murhama, and the Sheri Bal close to the Kamla- 

 wan. Crossing the broad valley of the Lidar River, we find the 

 Hapatikri, a mountain which sends a spur to the S. W. to form the 

 small hill of Islamabad at the foot of which the town of that name 

 is built. Crossing the valley of the Arpat river, we meet with the 

 Dhar (8146) and the Nawkan (9207). We have therefore, from 

 the eastern shore of the Woolar lake to the extreme south-east of 

 the Kashmir valley, a catenated chain of mountains composed of 

 isolated summits, whilst their relations are covered by the diluvial 

 and lacustrine deposits which fill the Kashmir valley, and the 

 lateral valleys which open into it. This chain is therefore presented 

 to us as a series of summits and not as a regular chain.* Its 

 direction is that of the general parallelism of the Himalaya, viz. 

 from N. W. to S. E. Ten miles, as the crow flies, to the northeast of 

 this chain there is another similar one, that is to say a series of 

 summits, apparently somewhat detached one from the other, but being 

 in a line with the parallelism of the Himalaya. These mountains are 

 from the S. E. to the N. W.— the Liwapatoor, the Wokalbul (14,310) 

 the Girdwali (14,060), Batgool (14,423), Boorwaz (13,087), Handil 

 (13,273) Saij Aha (11,334). West of the Saij Aha, this catenated 



* I need hardly say that the catenated appearance of the chains described 

 in the text is in great part dne to erosion, and that this great erosion is only 

 what was to be expected, if we remember that the whole rain-fall of the 

 southern slope of the Ser and Mer chain has to find its way to the valley of 

 Kashmir across these catenated chains, and that the Ser and Mer chains re- 

 ceive a tremendous snow-fall. I use the word " catenated," in the same 

 sense as it is used in Anatomy, to designate the arrangement of the lymphatic 

 glands of the neck, viz, like the beads of a necklace or rosary. 



