1866.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 117 



great lines of fracture on which these volcanoes were situated, had 

 the same direction as that of the Himalaya of our time. 



18. Beginning with the southernmost line of summits, I will 

 now describe in some detail the hills which compose it. I shall begin 

 with that nearest to Srinagar, viz. the Zebanwan. 



The Zebanwan is a mountain of 8813 feet at its highest point, with a 

 general direction from E. to W. (Map B). Its eastern portion is nearly- 

 due E. — W., and is 2J miles in length. It then turns to the S. W., at 

 the same time throwing out long spurs to the N. W. to embrace the 

 eastern shore of the Dal. The Zebanwan keeps its N. E. — S. W. 

 direction for 3 J miles, when it bifurcates into two branches, a southern 

 one, small and short, and a W. N. W. one, 2J miles long. It is at 

 the end of this W. N. W. branch that the Tukt-i-Suliman rises, a very 

 conspicuous little hill, seen from nearly eve*y part of the valley. 

 Still further to the W. N. "W., 2J miles from the Tukt, the hillock 

 of Hurri Parbut rises out of the lacustrine alluvial. It is evident 

 that the Tukt-i-Suliman and the Hurri Parbut are only continuations 

 of the W. N. W. spur of the Zebanwan, and appear as detached hillocks 

 on account of the thickness of the lacustrine deposit. (Sect. A). 



The following detailed section of Hurri Parbut, the Tukt-i-Suliman 

 and the W. N. W. spur of the Zebanwan is at a right angle to the 

 axis of these hills. It will give, I hope, a good idea of rocks which 

 we shall meet again and again, and which I will, therefore, endeavour 

 to describe now with some precision, as they are nowhere better seen 

 or more conveniently studied. 



Section of Hurri Parbut, Tukt-i-Suliman and W. N. W. spur of 

 the Zebanwan. (Sections A, B, &c). 



Direction of chain : S. 65° E.— N. 65° W. General strike of beds S. E.— 

 N. W. General dip of beds, north-easterly. The Section follows the direction 

 of the range and consequently cuts the dip at an angle of about 65° instead 

 of 90°. (See Sect : A). (Section II. of General Map). See also Map B. 



Hurri Parbut. This hill is a succession of hard layers of trachy-dolerite 

 and soft layers of other rocks. The trachy-dolerite is rough, compact, very 

 hard and dark. I have never seen it scoriaceous. It is sparingly amygda- 

 loidal, containing sometimes a few large geodes filled with white quartz. 

 These beds are nearly vertical, with a dip east-north-easterly, forming with 

 the horizon an angle seldom under 75°. The most westerly beds are nearly 

 vertical, whilst the most easterly layers are more sloping. There are seven or 



15 



