1866.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 131 



innumerable inviduals of what has been called Vincularia multangu- 

 laris (Portlock), but which some say is not a Vincularia at all. 

 Some gf the fossils are familiar to every body : the Productus 

 semi-reticulatus (Martin), P. costatus (Sow.), the Athyris Roissyi 

 (L'Eveille). Other fossils are interesting on account of their rarity, 

 and first amongst these is the claw of a crustacean, the pincers of 

 which are two and a half inches in length. Though the pincers are 

 neither teethed internally nor flattened into organs of natation, we 

 may, I think, refer the fossil provisionally to the genus Eurypterus, 

 if it is not even a true Limulus. (See PL V. fig. 4.) 



23. "We have therefore, resting on the volcanic rocks, beds of 

 carboniferous limestone. These beds are of great thickness, and they 

 change their characters very considerably as we follow them 

 upwards. I have divided them into three great divisions, and I 

 have called these by the names of the localities where they were 

 found to be well developed. The lowest bed, which we have just 

 seen, I have called the Zeeawan bed, from the village of Zeeawan. 

 The next above will be called the Weean bed, from the village of 

 Weean near which it is well developed ; and the uppermost division 

 I have named the Kothair bed,* from the name of a small district 

 at the foot of the mountains where this upper bed is well seen. 

 I have preferred adopting these names to the plan of using the desig- 

 nations of Lower, Middle and Upper, as further observations may 

 render it desirable to sub-divide any division into two or more sec- 

 tions, in which case the terms lower, middle and upper would become 

 inconvenient. In the present state of our knowledge of the geology 

 of Kashmir and the N. W. Punjab, we may nevertheless remember 

 with advantage, that the Zeeawan is the lowest, the Weean the middle, 

 and the Kothair the upper bed of the mountain limestone. 



24. To come back to our section near Zeeawan : we must first 

 notice the inwrapping disposition of the beds around the end of the 

 spur. The general strike of the volcanic rocks is N. N. E. — S. S. W. 



* So few fossils were found in the Kothair bed, that it is not possible to 

 place it, with any certainty, in the carboniferous ; the same reason prevents 

 its being placed in the Permian or Triassic. The place of this bed as the 

 uppermost carboniferous is therefore only temporary. See the remark after 

 the list of fossils found in the Kothair bed, Chapter II., para. 50. 



