1866.] the Western Himalaya and Afyhan Mountains. 



197 



nuous, the several summits being re-united to one another by ridges 

 of stratified ash, agglomerate and limestone. These connecting 

 ridges have been denuded by the several streams which flow towards 

 the bottom of the valley, and the limestone is now found only in 

 limited beds, which have escaped denudation from the shelter they 

 received of large and hard volcanic mountains. These streams and 

 rivers, it is hardly necessary to mention, have had a volume very 

 different from what we see now-a-days ; the enormous layers of lacus- 

 trine conglomerate, which they have accumulated near their entrances 

 into the valley, demonstrate plainly their former great denudating 

 power. The direction of these streams being from the high moun- 

 tains in the N. E., to the bottom of the valley in the S. W., they have 

 cut for themselves channels which are directed from N. E. — S. W., and 

 thus bands of the ridges, which united the summits of our first chain 

 to those of the second chain, have remained between the channels of 

 these streams, and given to those mountains the appearance of being 

 long spurs descending from the N. E. to the S. W. 



56. I shall, I hope, best terminate these detailed Sections, by 

 appending a table of the fossiliferous and other rocks in Kashmir, to- 

 gether with such observations as the nature of the rocks or the fauna 

 best justify. 





Masses, Beds, &c. &c. 



Fossils. 



Conditions indicated. 





a. 



Granitoid porphyry; tra- 

 chyte and felstone. 





Melted masses which have not 

 flowed, or have flowed under 

 water. Centres of volcanic 

 action. 





b. 



Greenstone amygdaloid, 

 basalt. 





Melted masses which have flow- 

 ed under water or in the air. 



M 



c. 



Felspathic and augi- 





Volcanic ojecta falling in shal- 



O 



H 





tic ash ; agglome- 





low water. 





rate, &c. 







•< 



a. 



Black slate, sometimes 





Mud derived from volcanic 





amygdaloidal. 





rocks, rearranged by shallow 



tA 









water, often heated by 



> 









showers of hot ashes, vapours 



< 









or currents of lava. 



e. 



Laterite, slate, baked 





Same origin and same condi- 







clay. 





tions. 





f. 



Quartzite. 





Geyserian action. End of the 

 great volcanic eruptions ap- 

 proaches. 



V. 



'J- 



Similar to e. 





Occasional eruptions and slight 

 fall of ashes and dust in shal- 

 low seas. 



