146 Tlie Ethnology of India. 



the Latin. In the lower country near the debouchure of the Kashgar 

 river, the people speak a mixed language called " Laghmanee." In 

 the upper valley of that river, the name Kashgar seems to mark the 

 trace of early Khasas. 



The ancient language of Swat seems to have disappeared, and the 

 country is now Path an, with a subject race of aboriginal blood, that 

 is pure Arian aborigines. But farther north, in the valleys of the 

 Ghilghit river, running into the Indus from the West, we have an 

 Arian people speaking a language of their own, which is cognate to the 

 tongue of the tribes east o£ the Indus in and about the country called 

 *' Chilas." Some of these latter are independent and scarcely known, but 

 most of this country, and also Ghilgit, is now subject to the Maharajah 

 of Cashmere. The "Dards" seem to be among these tribes. 



It may be asserted of all these Caucasian tribes (excepting the 

 Kaffirs of whom we know so little) that, while they are physically 

 as handsome and fine as possible, they are not so democratic and 

 sturdy in independence as the Afghans. We know very well what 

 an undertaking it is to subdue, still more to rule, an Afghan tribe in 

 their own country. But the Afghans have certainly subdued many 

 of these Caucasians. The Maharajah of Cashmere has conquered 

 and governs many more. Those in contact with our own frontier 

 are quiet and not troublesome. And in Kashgar it is understood that 

 the people submit to their rulers, in a way which Afghans will never 

 suffer. Altogether it may be assumed that this race is less indepen- 

 dent (though it may be more intellectual) than the democratic races ; 

 niore amenable to Rajas and Priests, and altogether just such a people 

 as we might expect to give birth to Khasas and early Braminical 

 Hindus. Living in countries most favourable to the Yine they seem 

 to be generally given to the use of wine. Whether the use of chairs 

 extends beyond Kaffiristan I cannot say. We have in fact everything 

 to learn about these people and their languages. 



The Northern Borderers of mixed Tartar or Thibetan blood. 



The Mongolians and Arians seem to cross well. Most of the tribes 

 falling under this heading are physically vigorous and industriously 

 energetic. 



