26 Ornithological Observations in the Sutlej valley, [No. 1, 



lower hills and about Simla, but it is very seldom met with beyond 

 the Wangtu bridge, and at elevations exceeding 9,000 feet. 



71. Sitta leucopsis, G o u I d, (I. 385), is tolerably common in 

 the neighbourhood of Chini, where it chiefly feeds on the seeds of 

 Pinus Gerardiana, but it is very rarely to be seen near Simla 

 or at Kotegurh, except in winter. In 1866, I observed it between 

 Budrawar and Kishtwar at an elevation of 6,000 and 7,000 feet, 

 feeding here on seeds of Pinus excelsa. Its voice is a loud, uniform 

 melancholy call, while busily engaged in securing a pine-seed in the 

 bark of a large tree. 



I have never met with any other species of Sitta in the interior, 

 wooded ranges of the N. W. Himalayas. 



XV. Fam. UP UP ID jE. 



TL Upupa epops, L i n., (I. 390), common during the summer all 

 through the N. W. Himalayas and in W. Tibet. The plumage of the 

 Tibetan bird does not differ in the least from that of the European. 



XVI. Fam. LANIID^. 



73. Lanius erythhonotus, V i g., (I. 402), very common all 

 through the N. W. Himalayas and W. Tibet. 



The female has the grey on the head and back paler, the tertiaries 

 more broadly edged with rufous or fulvous, and the tail feathers tipped 

 pale • on the whole the grey and rufous colours are very variable in 

 this species. The young bird is like the female, but all the colours 

 . are usually still paler. 



74, Lanius Hardwickei, Vig., (I. 405). The head above is often 

 ashy-white, and the nape and back pure ashy. The tertiaries are, on 

 the outer webs towards their tips, pale ferruginous, the two outermost 

 tail feathers on each side being white, except on the terminal half which 

 is black like the inner web, the tips however remaining white ; the 

 next two pairs have only the bases and the tips white, and on the four 

 central feathers there are below occasionally traces of white tips 

 perceptible. 



The species is rather rarely met with about Kotegurh and only 

 occurs as far east as Nachar. In 1865, 1 observed it between Budrawar 

 and Kishtwar, but I do not remember it from Kashmir. Adams 

 (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 488) states that he never saw it on the 

 Western Himalayas. 



