18 07.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 101 



change of the nature and weight of materials. All these conditions, and 

 the frequency of ripple marks, indicate a shallow sea easily influenced 

 by heavy outpours of muddy waters from the land. The thickness of the 

 Jurassic rocks vary veries much, and the extent of the beds is limited 

 to very small areas, compared to those of the Carboniferous. This is 

 probably due to the deposition taking place in creeks of a deeply 

 indented coast, and in great part to the oscillations of the land and sea 

 bottom, causing in some localities repeated denudation of materials 

 newly deposited, and in others a steady sinking and consequent thick- 

 ness of formation. The fossils being frequently much deformed, is a 

 good evidence of these oscillations having taken place. 



The Jurassic beds have always been considered conformable to the 

 Carboniferous. I am inclined to believe that this conformity is only 

 apparent. The dip of both formations is generally great, seldom 

 under an average of 45°. In such highly up-tilted beds, a difference 

 of a few degrees is not easily appreciated, unless a careful measurement 

 is taken, and I fancy that most writers have been satisfied with an 

 approximation. However this may be, there is no doubt that the 

 Jurassic limestone presents, in very many places, indeed in most, 

 the appearance of having sustained very sharp local upheavals, 

 soon after the end of the Secondary period, but of little extent ; 

 and here again we find the salt, gypsum and red marl always 

 underlying these sharp and dome-like anticlinals. We remember how 

 Sheikh Bodeen is thrown into a succession of short, gothic, arch-like 

 anticlinals ; and that under the Jurassic beds the Saliferian are to be 

 seen, perfectly conformable to the limestone and following it in all its 

 oscillations. At Marec on the Indus, a similar appearance occurs : 

 thick masses of salt, gypsum with bi-pyramidal crystals, quartz, 

 red marl and magnesian mud stone more or less cellular, support 

 a very sharp anticlinal of Jurassic limestone ; and the Saliferian and 

 Jurassic are conformable not only in general dip, but in all the details 

 of the fold. Moreover, both the Silurian and Jurassic dip S. 

 (2 or 3 degrees E.) and N. (2 or 3 degrees W.) on both sides 

 of the anticlinal dip, which are not the usual ones of the other rocks of 

 that portion of the Salt Range, the Nummulitic and the Miocene dip- 

 ping N. E. 



Whether these local upheavals are merely due to the swelling of 



