14 Geological Notes on the Khasi Hills. [No. 1, 



on light blue limestone and containing small Nummulites ; its thickness 

 is about 5 feet. This bed was succeeded in descending series, by 10 feet 

 of sandy beds, «, the lowest being calcareous ; then followed a massive 

 bed of dark blue clay, w, quite 35 feet thick, in parts very nodular ; 

 these nodules were large and very hard, inside of a darker colour than 

 the clay, and were not in the least calcareous. I found no fossil 

 remains of any kind in this stratum. The lowest rock, x, seen 

 at the junction with the last, and in the bed of a larger ravine with 

 running water, shewed about 12 feet in the section. This limestone 

 was full of large-sized Nummulites, and the base of the series was still 

 many feet below. The hard blue clays were a new feature, as also the 

 sandy beds ; both were only locally developed. On the ascent to Nong- 

 kulang, I did not see them nor again do they appear further west ; for 

 proceeding towards new Nongkulang, the white hard nummulitic lime- 

 stone is followed all the way from near section d,and is at last seen to rest 

 on coarse and strong bedded sandstones, of the coal series (cretaceous ?). 

 Approaching the village, the path ascends a low spur, and with it the 

 limestone, contrary to expectation, is left, and sandstone is seen. In 

 a cliff section, bordering a clearing here, a good view of these lower 

 thick-bedded sandstones is to be got, the limestone forming another 

 low scarp ; on the south of the clearing scattered blocks of the same being 

 still left on the intervening level ground. This marks the commence- 

 ment of a great roll in the lower sandstones (coal series), its line of 

 elevation running from east, and ascending to west, dipping low 

 to north and south, taking the whole series some 1,000 feet in 

 height up to the culminating cliff of Pundengroo. The amount of num- 

 mulitic limestone greatly decreases' towards west ; the thickest section 

 being that under Nongkulang hill series up to and as far as section 

 d ; and I am even inclined to think that the beds were originally 

 deposited on a very irregular surface of these underlying rocks. We 

 cannot expect so sudden a change fti their mineral composition to 

 form a very conformable series. 



To return to section A, the lower portion of which I have 

 only alluded to. Following up the same ravine from the path, the 

 highly fossiliferous sandstone of the Nongkulang hill series is 

 seen on the left hand, or the east bank, and nummulitic limestone 

 on the right or west. In the sandstone I found an Ovula with 



