22 Geological Notes on the Khasi Hills. [No. 1, 



clipped far higher than yet seen in this area, being evidently on the 

 south side of an anticlinal fold. The beds where first observed, 

 dipped 12° south by west, then 15° to the south, increasing to 20° and 

 25° south. Although a deep gorge existed through the mass of the 

 limestone (here very thickly bedded) no water is seen ; at about 400 

 yards through the gorge, it terminated suddenly with its highest dip, 

 succeeded immediately by highly fossiliferous beds, well developed 

 under Rongsitilah, (the summit of which is of the higher series, of 

 coarser sand and thin shales). In the first open clearing on the 

 right bank I found my best specimens of fossils in a bed in situ, 

 most of the Nongkulang forms turning up. These rich deposits of 

 shells are immediately succeeded, as one travels down the bed of the 

 Rugsir, by thin-bedded bluish clays, the sandstone shales becoming 

 more sandy and compact, the dip increasing with every few 100 

 yards, until below the village at the debouchement of the stream 

 into the plains, at the very last spur and section exposed, they are 

 complete sandstones of very lower tertiary Siwalik type ; their colour 

 is brown, and their dip about 50 degrees to the south. 



Emerging into the rice fields of the plains, and looking both to the 

 east and west, it is very evident that the last and far newer beds, extend 

 on both sides along the base of the hills. The dip of the beds is 

 seen on the ridges of the spurs most markedly, — more marked is 

 this on the west, at the base of the true Garo hills, and these, 

 bending more to the south of the latitude, we are now standing on, 

 bring in beds of again a later period. Save for the marshy plains, 

 flat as an ocean and the greater exuberance of the forest on the hill 

 slopes, one might be looking at an expanse of the Siwaliks of the 

 Deyrah Dhoon, the same characteristic long slopes towards the plain 

 terminating in a short steep fall on the north, whence rises another 

 long slope of rather a less incline to the horizon. 



I followed the foot of the hills, in both directions ; 1st, on the east 

 side to Bogali, where two streams the Gabir and Ronga unite, and 

 form a large and navigable stream. Nothing new is observable thus 

 far, the different " soras " or streams take their rise in the tertiary 

 sandstones; in their beds, the same succession is seen, as in the 

 Rugsir at Gilla Gora, and the usual fossils are also found as one gets 

 deeper into the series. Crossing the Gabir into the village of Bagoli, 



