118 Notes on the Flora of Manbhum. [No. 2, 



original jungle is encroached upon by that which accompanies cultiva- 

 tion, and the absence of large trees and shelter tends to produce the 

 dry raviny, ground, of the third division which can only support its 

 own spare vegetation, consisting chiefly of — 



Phoenix acaulis, Buch. 

 Calotropis gigantea, R. Br. 

 Vitex trifolia, L. 

 Barleria cristata, L. 

 Lepidagathis cristata, Willd , 

 with grasses and dwarfed bushes of Zizyphus, Sal and Diospyros. 



In the fourth division the influence which clearing and cultivation 

 exercise upon the flora, is marked and irradicable, and though deserted 

 village lands often relapse into jungle, such jungle always contains 

 trees which, never occurring in the primitive forests, proclaim, by 

 their presence, the antecedents of that particular spot. 



The trees most commonly occurring in cleared or cultivated areas 

 are : 



Bassia latifolia, Roxb. 



Butea frondosa, Roxb. 



Diospyros exsculpta, Ham. ? 



Zizyphus jujuba, Lam. 



Ficus Indica, L. 



F — religiosa, L. 



Alangium deca-petalum, Lam. 



Trophis aspera, Retz. 



Mimusops elengi, L. 



Alstonia scholaris, R. Br. 



Terminalia bellerica, Roxb. 



Bombax Malabaricum, DC. 



Spondias mangifera, Pers. 



Odina wodier, Roxb. 



Other trees occur, but more sparingly, and they may possibly have 

 been introduced. 



Of herbaceous plants, a long list might be quoted, the rice-fields 

 alone furnishing a large number. The most common forms met with 

 in the hedge rows and groves are : 



