CHAPTER VIII 



PHOTOGRAPHING OBJECTS WITH A VERTICAL CAMERA ; 

 PHOTOGRAPHING LARGE TRANSPARENT OBJECTS ; 

 PHOTOGRAPHING WITH A MICROSCOPE : (A) TRANS- 

 PARENT OBJECTS ; (B) OPAQUE OBJECTS AND THE 

 SURFACES OF METALS AND ALLOYS* 



APPARATUS AND MATERIAL FOR THIS CHAPTER 



Vertical camera with photographic objectives (Fig. 169), small vertical camera 

 with special microscope stand for embryos, etc. (Figs. 183-184); arrangement of 

 camera for large transparent objects (Fig. 181); photo-micrographic cameras (Figs. 

 183-1S4, 192); photographic objectives for gross and microscopic work (Figs. 170- 

 171, 176-1S0); microscope, microscopic objectives and projection oculars (Figs. 185, 

 189, 193); color screens, lamps, dry plates and the chemicals and apparatus neces- 

 sary for developing, printing, etc. 



\ 336. Nothing would seem more natural than that the camera, armed with a 

 photographic objective or with a microscopic objective, should be called into the 

 service of science to delineate with all their complexity of detail, the myriads of 

 forms studied. 



For photographing many objects in nature the camera remains horizontal or 

 approximately so, but for a great many of those studied in botany, zoology, miner- 

 alogy and in anatomy the specimens cannot be put in a vertical position necessary 

 for a horizontal camera. This difficulty has been overcome by using a mirror or a 

 45-degree prism. These are practically alike and have the defect of producing a 

 picture with the inversion of a plane mirror. 



VERTICAL CAMERA 



\ 2,2,7- To meet all the difficulties the object may be left in a horizontal posi- 

 tion and the camera made vertical (fig. 169). 



For the last twenty-five years such a camera has been in use in the Anatomical 

 Department of Cornell University for photographing all kinds of specimens ; 



* Papers on this subject were given by the writer at the meeting of the Amer- 

 ican Association for the Advancement of Science in 1879, and at the meeting of 

 the Society of Naturalists of the eastern United States in 1883 ; and in Science 

 Vol. Ill, pp. 443, 444. 



