1870.] Notes on ArcJteological Remains at Shah hi Dheri. 91 



Liak, the name of the satrap, is still a common name among the 

 Hindus of this part of the country. 



Kusuluko represented probably the family name or title a Kusu- 

 lu Kadphises. 



General Cunningham believes Chharhara and Chukhsa to be 

 Chuch and Huzara. There are, however, about 15 miles to the 

 north-west of the spot where the inscription was found, in the 

 Mlaqah of Haroh, two villages within a couple of miles of each other, 

 still known by the name of Chahar and Ohukshaia or Shai. There 

 are extensive ruins near both these villages, where Indo-Bactrian 

 and Indo-Scythian coins are often found. I am of opinion there- 

 fore that Liako Kusuluko was the satrap or governor of the 'Ilaqah 

 or district of Haroh, of which Chahar and Chukshai were the chief 

 towns. 



Moreover I think that the ruins near Shah ki Dheri can be 

 no other than those of the celebrated city of Taxila, and, in addition 

 to what has been stated above, my reasons for believing them to be 

 so, are as follows : — 



I. — According to Menu,* the King is recommended to fix his 

 capital in a fertile part of his dominion, but in an immediate neigh- 

 bourhood, difficult of access, and incapable of supporting invading 

 armies. Any one looking at the site of Kot Atial would at once 

 preceive that the city must have been built in strict accordance with 

 the precepts of the Dharraa Shastra. 



II. — Taxila is described by the Greek writers! to have been 

 the largest city between the Indus and the Hydaspes. The ruins 

 are very extensive, having still the appearance of a very large forti- 

 fied town. There are no ruins at any other spot in the Sind Sagar 

 Duab covering even half as much ground. 



III.— PlinyJ calls Taxila a famous city lying on a low, but level 

 plain, the general name of the district being Amenda. Chhema was, 

 however, the name of the country where the relics, according to the 

 inscription, were deposited. No such country is now known, but 

 chhema is a Sanscrit word, signifying pardon, forgiveness, absolu- 



* Chapter VII. of the Code. 



t Arrian, Chapter VIII, Book V., et passim. 



i Book VI., Chapter 23. 



