
PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 167 
Twelve years ago, Ferdinand Keller, of Zurich, by his examination of the 
lake _ of agent or to light proofs of the existence of 
races of men with new acters of civilization. These oe 
astonished a world, and ponte since given rise to a new science, new so- 
i new museums. Humanity is now connected ar paea 
pheno 
seni the presence of such large mammals as the Elephas primi- 
genius, ai tichorinus, Bos primigenius and Ursus spelaeus, was 
considered the dividing line between geclogical and human history,— 
now the extensive researches of such able naturalists as Lartet, Von Baer, 
Riitimeyer, and Brandt, have proved that these quadrupeds were once 
contemporaneous with man. The question before us is whether we can 
establish a successive chronology of events since the appearance of these 
animals upon the earth. Brandt has attempted to show that they were 
living within the historical period, and has argued therefrom that the 
partly unknown, because written in the Sclavonic tongue; these re cat 
the existence of Bos primigenius in the forests of Lithuania and Poland 
up to the 11th and 13th centuries. The presence of Cervus megaceros in 
the marshes of Europe up to the 14th century is also made proba 
There is no doubt Sia the fauna of the diluvial deposits and of the 
European caves consisted of animals, some of which, at least, had a 
circumpolar nae eR ra neei and that the southern limits of 
animals now living in the polar regions was once much greater than 
the Pyrenees and . 
had intimate relations with the ice period, and it becomes necessary 
for us to investigate the extent of the ice-fields at the time when the 
glacial period was at its height. Professor Agassiz believed that the 
— in extent which our ice-fields have undergone during successive 
Periods, would furnish us with data for our chronology. In America, 
the ice- ni. at the time of their greatest extension with indefinite 
limits, reached the 32d degree of north latitude. In Europe they extended 
r as the plains of Lombardy. Subsequent to this came a limited 
= lis to veg estion whether we had any means of connecting 
renology with dees rity it might be stated pa none of the cave 
proved to exist prior to the time of the greatest a of 
ed, 
the ice-fields, 
as it can no longer be doubted that man lived contemporaneously 
