594 Plants Used by Indians of the United States. [September, 
which is sweet and is eaten as soon as ripe. When the fruit is 
dry it is either ground fine and made into bread, or boiled in 
water to the consistency of mush. It must be nutritious, as the 
Indians get fat on it.» 
` F. Californica var. Utahensis attains a height of twenty or 
twenty-five feet in Utah, and a diameter of twelve inches. The 
Utes eat the fruit raw or made into bread. As in the former 
species, the taste is quite sweet. These Indians use what they call 
Noo-ahn-tup, or what appeared to be excrements of insects left in 
hollows of the junipers, said to be ground and used for mush by 
the Pah-Ute Indians. The fibrous bark of this tree is made into 
saddles, breech clouts, skirts, and mats to sleep on. The bark is 
rather brittle and not so good for domestic purposes as that of 
Cowania mexicana. 
F. occidentalis —The berries of this tree are gathered and 
consumed for food but have more of a juniper taste than the 
former species. 
Pinus torreyana,a very rare pine, on hills of Solidad, South- 
ern California, only. The nuts are large and wholesome. Only 
the Indians near by gather them, as they are not in great 
abundance. : 
P: monophylla—The common pine on. the border of Lower 
California. It is a very productive tree. Its seeds, though rich, 
and good when fresh, are more digestible after being roasted, be- 
sides in that condition they will keep fresh dlong time. Heat dis- 
sipates the oil property of the kernel and renders the hull brittle 
and easily removed. It is astonishing how many of these nuts an 
Indian can eat. From morning until night, as long as they last, 
cracking and eating go on. The Indians get very fat during a 
good pine nut harvest. They remove the hulls by putting 4 
number of the nuts on a metate, and by rolling a flat pestle 
backward and forward until the hulls are loosened. The mass is 
then put into a flat basket tray and the hulls are blown off. The 
kernels are now ready to be eaten, or ground on the metate to- 
flour, which if made into bread or mush is a palatable and nutri- 
tious dish. The interior of the young cone is also eaten. 
-As soon as the pine cones begin to open the Indians assemble 
o for their great feast and camp among the pine trees during the nut ` 
harvest. The fruit upon the ground is gathered up by the chile. 7 
en, while the females pnd from the trees the poopie fruit, 
