1878. ] Anthropology. 759 
Hood's and Church Hole, palzolithic utensils have been found in 
corresponding situations. The bottom of the caves is covered 
with a layer of light-colored sand, doubtless the result of the de- 
composition of the rock. Next follows a stratum of red sand and 
clay of about three feet thickness, containing fragments of stones 
and bones of extinct animals, usually broken and gnawed by 
hyenas which had brought them to their dens. The sand and 
the clay bear witness to inundations which reached a height of at 
least twenty feet above the present water-level. The osseous re- 
mains belong to the following species: Lion, spotted hyena, fox, 
wolf, bear, reindeer, Irish stag, aurochs, horse, rhinoceros, mam- 
moth,and hare. The presence of man is revealed by some rudely 
worked quartzite flakes, which suffice to demonstrate that savages 
of a very low order contended from time to time for the posses- 
sion of the caves with hyenas, which came back again when the 
human occupants had left. The association of these heterogene- 
ous débris in this deposit is thus accounted for. It was covered 
by a stratum of red, loamy earth, the upper portion of which 
passed over into a calcareous breccia. Here numerous fragments 
Horns of quartzite and flint representing forms known in 
Great Britain and on the Continent. Some were identical with 
those found in the gravel-beds of Brandon, Bedford and Hoxne, 
and of Saint-Acheul and Toulouse. All these occur associated 
with the remains of the mammoth, the reindeer and rhinoceros. 
o 
2) 
Z 
o 
a 
Oo 
n 
5 
= 
ie | 
0 
5 
[ap] 
=H 
~ 
5 
a 
Ws 
ee 
"O 
mM 
SE 
= 
5 
ty 
o 
° 
= 
39) 
roe 
wn 
oO 
Ww 
Pe 
=y 
D 
following species: Machairodus, lion, wild-cat, leopard, spotted 
hyena, fox, wolf, bear, reindeer, Irish stag, aurochs, horse, rhi- 
noceros, mammoth and hare. A crust of stalagmite, about a foot 
in thickness, rested upon this layer. The distribution of the ob- 
jects found in the Creswell caves points to three successive periods 
of human occupancy. The red sand contained a few rude imple- 
ments of quartzite. In the lower deposit of the red loamy earth 
the chipped objects consisted of quartzite and flint, the latter oc- 
curring not nearer than forty miles from this locality. In the 
upper part of the same layer quartzite disappears almost entirely, 
and is replaced by numerous flint implements. Here was also 
has not yet been met with either in England or on the Continent. 
It shows a marked progress in the mechanical arts of the cave- 
Arian while the fauna has remained unchanged. 
