1878. ] Scientific News. 843 
we shall find that the only difference between animal intelligence 
and human intelligence consists in this—that animal intelligence 
is unable to elaborate that class of abstract ideas the formation of 
which depends on the faculty of speech. In other words, ani- 
mals are quite as able to form abstract ideas as we are, if under 
abstract ideas we include general ideas of qualities which are sO 
far simple as not to require to be fixed in our thoughts by names.’ 
The ~~ ek n to show that animals had reason and 
judgment. “ ing on to the emotional life of animals, we find 
that this i is very alga if at all, developed in the lower orders, 
but remarkably well developed in the higher; that is to say, the 
emotions are vivid and easily excited, although they are shallow 
and evanescent. They thus differ from those of most civilized 
men in being more readily aroused and more impetuous while 
they last, though leaving behind them but little trace of their 
occurrence. As r regards the particular emotions which occur 
among the higher animals, I can affirm from my own observa- 
tions that all the following give unmistakable tokens of their 
presence: Fear, affection, passionateness, pugnacity, jealousy, 
sympathy, pride, reverence, emulation, shame, hate, curiosity, 
revenge, cruelty, emotion of the ludicrous and emotion of the 
beautiful. Now this list includes nearly all the human emotions, 
except those which refer to religion and to the perception of the 
sublime. These, of course, are necessarily absent in animals, 
because they depend upon ideas of too abstract a nature to be 
reached by the mind when unaided by the logic of signs. Time 
prevents me from here detailing any of my observations or experi- 
ments with regard to the emotional life of animals, so I will pass 
on at once to the faculty of conscience. In highly intelligent, 
highly sympathetic and tolerably well treated animals the germ 
of a moral sense becomes apparent. On the whole, therefore, I 
can only suppose that we have in these actions evidence of as high 
a development of the ethical faculty as is attainable by the logic 
of feelings when unassisted by the logic of signs; that is to say, 
a grade very nearly if not quite as high as that with which we 
tendency to act in accordance with performed habits rather than 
to strike out improved modes of action. Very young children 
present only those lower faculties of mind which in animals we 
call instincts. With advancing age, the first indication of true 
+ 
intelligence seems to consist in the power of forming special ' 
first to disappear, while those faculties which man shares with the- 
_ lower animals should be the more persistent. And this expecta- 
= tion I have found to be fairly well realized. Beginning from 
associations. On the general theory of evolution we should 
expect that in such a descending scale the characteristically oo 
