KIDD'S OWN JOURNAL. 39 
ee eee 
jealousy and the desire of revenge, and he whom 
the fire of love is consuming, regard themselves 
as free, so long as their desire and its accomplish- 
ment cause them to feel satisfaction. When the 
storm is hushed, they change their tone; and 
acknowledge that they were carried away by 
the impulse of passion. We are often entire stran- 
gers to every idea of sensual appetite ; but hardly 
does an object excite our organs, when immediately 
we experience the desire of possessing what we 
should have disdained an instant before ; and yet 
we believe, that we have determined with free- 
dom. Animals do not enjoy real liberty ; yet they 
act without feeling any restraint. Like men, 
they experience the pleasure which follows the 
accomplishment of their desires. Can we say 
that the sheep and tiger are free, because the one 
browses on the grass, and the other tears his prey 
with a feeling of satisfaction ? 
It is because men have confounded this internal 
feeling with true liberty, that they have thought 
to oppose to it the following reflections :—“ A 
ball,” says Hommel, “‘ placed on a board, allows it- 
self to be moved forward and backward, to the right 
and left. Ifthe board is at rest and horizontal, 
the ball remains motionless. If this ball had con- 
sciousness of its motion and not of the cause, it 
would believe that it moved voluntarily.” Leib- 
nitz compares liberty to a magnetic needle, which 
should have pleasure in pointing to the north. 
“Tn this case,” says he, “it would imagine that it 
moved freely and independently of any other cause ; 
for it would not perceive the subtle movements of 
the magnetic fluid.” 
In a variety of circumstances, even our judg- 
ments are accompanied with a pleasurable sensa- 
tion, without being, in consequence, the results 
of our reflection. Hence it is that we judge the 
same object differently, according as, from one 
instant to another, what has passed within or 
without us has produced some change in our inter- 
nal feelings. In this sense, M. Lamark is right 
in saying, “that the diversity of our judgments 
is so remarkable, that it often happens, that the 
consideration of the same object gives rise to as 
many particular judgments as there are persons 
who undertake to pronounce on the object ; and 
this variety has been taken forfreedom in judgment, 
but erroneously ; for, it is simply the result of the 
different elements, which in different individuals 
enter into the judgment thus formed.” 
It is in the same sense that we must interpret 
the- following passage of M. Feurbach. ‘‘ The 
faculty,” says he, “of being determined by the 
ideas to realise an object, or, to act, is accompanied 
with the consciousness of an independent activity, 
of absolute free will. When of two possible oppo- 
site determinations we decide for one or the other, 
when we reject the one and desire the other, we 
believe, in accordance with what immediate con- 
sciousness teaches us, that the cause of this choice 
resides entirely in us ; that the faculty of desiring 
is the principle of desire, and that, under the same 
conditions, it might as well have determined for 
one thing as for another. Although we thus 
appear, in this case, not as determined, but as 
determining, this feeling does not secure to us our 
freedom ; and we cannot regard it asa proof of our 
independence of natural causes, without exposing 
- ourselves to the well-founded objections of the 



determinists, and contradicting the natural law of 
the constant connection of causes and effects. This 
internal feeling may be an illusion. We have 
this feeling of liberty, solely because we do not dis- 
cover the secret threads which connect causes 
with effects, and which draw us toward such or 
such an object.” 
It will be seen, then, that these passages are 
directed against those, who would prove free 
choice by this internal consciousness, by this 
illusory feeling of liberty, founded solely on con- 
tentment, on the satisfaction of the desires. 
What, then, in fine, is the kind of liberty which 
we must admit for man, as a being endowed with 
inclinations, sentiments, talents ; in a word, with 
moral qualities and intellectual faculties ? 

AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OF A DOG.—WNo. XV. 
WRITTEN BY HIMSELF. 
(Continued from Page 359, Vol. III.) 

THE OPERATIONS NOW IN DAILY PROGRESS 
with the Camp at Chobham, remind me of the 
“Camps de Thun et Biére” in my own country, 
as well as the reviews and exercises of the “ Mili- 
taires.”” Hot work, such weather as this, Mr. 
Editor ; but I cannot resist the temptation of re- 
counting to you an’adventure which this military 
“souvenir” has brought to my mind, and wherein 
I very innocently played a most conspicuous part. 
Most probably, I should have been most conspi- 
cuously punished too, but for the lucky interference 
of the evernoble Frére Jean. I sigh when 1 
think that such a man was taken off in the prime 
and vigor of life. However, to my curious morn- 
ing’s adventure. 
You probably know, Mr. Editor, that in my 
country every man is a soldier; and that in time 
of war, every man, woman, and dog are soldiers. 
But Iam not now going to speak of that funny 
hubbub called the “ Sonderbund.” No! that shall 
come later. Hang those Jesuitical pranks ! -say 
I, Mr. Editor. Plus tard, I will give you an 
account of my visit to that Pharisaical city of 
Frybourg. It will amuse you in no small degree 
I must premise that, every spring, certain days 
are fixed for the exercise of the ‘ Elite,” the 
“ Reserve,” and the ‘ Ecole Militaire.” All who 
have passé l’age, are only called upon in the case 
of a “ Levée en Masse.” When I come to talk 
of the “ Sonderbund,” I shall have occasion to 
revert to this story. It so happened that, at this 
time, my old master had a “‘ Vaudois” servant, by 
name “ Francois,’”’ and he was in the “ Elite.” 
Of course, then, he had to appear every Sunday 
morning (Sunday morning, observe, was always 
chosen in my country—I say it with sorrow; but 
it must be said, as it is true), for the exercises. 
I have heard my old master say, that he be- 
lieved the Sabbath was profaned for the accom- 
modation of the working classes; but I could 
speak rather lengthily upon that subject, if it 
would not be considered unbecoming in a dog to 
discourse upon such matters. It istrue an early 
hour was fixed; but that says nothing. That 
particular day was invariably chosen for the ex- 
ercises. 
After the “Ecole Militaire,” the ‘‘ Elite,” and 

