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KIDD’S OWN JOURNAL. 

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and evil, nor, consequently, any threatening of 
future punishments, nor any hope of future reward ; 
that all erroneous opinions, and all discussions on 
practical moral liberty, have had their source in 
the false ideas which men have formed of the cause 
of moral evil, and of the propensity to evil; because 
they confounded contentment, inclination, propen- 
sity, desires, the result of the action of particular 
organs, with the will or wish, the result of the 
comparison of several sensations and several ideas, 
as well as of the influence of superior moral and 
intellectual forces, on the instigations of inferior 
propensities and faculties. 
SECTION V. 
APPLICATION OF MY PRINCIPLES TO MAN, 
CONSIDERED AS AN OBJECT OF EDUCATION AND 
PUNISHMENT. 
PRELIMINARY SUGGESTIONS. 
Tue motives, then, which tend to determine the 
acts of men, come from two sources. The one class 
are furnished from our internal forces, the others 
come from without. Consequently, to direct the 
will of man, and to appreciate his actions, we must 
have a profound and particular knowledge of these 
two elements. This knowledge can be acquired 
only by the practical study of human nature, by 
the particular study of each quality and each fun- 
damental faculty, and of the manner in which each 
one manifests itself—both in the various states of 
health and disease. 
As I cannot fulfil this task but in the following 
volumes, I must here limit myself to some general 
views, which, however, will throw great light on 
the ulterior discussions of this volume. 
First, let us recollect that man, to a certain 
degree, has an organisation common to him with 
the brutes, and that he participates in their pro- 
pensities, feelings, and intellectual faculties. Thus 
far, man must be considered in the light of an 
animal. But, as a man, he is endowed with supe- 
rior propensities, feelings, and faculties, which 
constitute in him the character of humanity, and 
which, as we have seen, render him a moral being. 
In his regular state of health, man never shows 
himself as purely man, nor as simply animal. The 
various relations which result from his mixed 
organisation, from the intimate union of animal 
nature with humanity, merit then the greatest 
attention. In this way only shall we have all the 
data to measure the degree of the moral liberty of 
each individual, and to divine the use which, 
according to appearances, be will make of it. 
In respect to internal, moral, and intellectual 
forces, one may establish six very distinct classes 
n human society. Hach of these classes produces 
a series and an activity of propensities, feelings, 
and talents, equally differing from the others. 
In the first class, the qualities and faculties 
which are most elevated and proper to man, are 
. completely developed; while the organs of the 
- animal qualities and faculties have only a very 
feeble degree of development and activity. 
In the second class, the organs of the animal 
qualities and faculties have attained a high degree 
of development and activity; while the organs of 
the qualities and faculties peculiar to man alone | 
are but little developed, and have but little 
activity. 
In the third class, the qualities and the faculties 
common to animals and those proper to man, have 
acquired considerable development and activity. 
In the fourth class, one or at most only a few of 
the propensities or talents, are developed to an 
extraordinary degree; while the others have arrived 
ata degree of development and activity very mode- 
rate, or even below mediocrity. 
In the fifth class, one or some of the organs are 
very little developed, and remain in a state of 
apathy ; while the others are more favorably de- 
veloped and active. 
Finally, in the sixth class, the organs common 
to animals, and those proper to man, are equally 
moderate in their development. 
Let us now observe some general results of these 
different developments and activities of such 
and such cerebral parts, when not influenced 
by motives contrary to their natural impulse or 
tendency. 
When the superior qualities and faculties proper 
to the human species predominate greatly over the 
qualities and faculties of an inferior order, the man, 
properly so called, will subdue the animal in him. 
The internal movements, and the whole conduct of 
such men will be conformable to reason, justice, 
and morality. To judge with candor the weakness 
of others, to bear with indulgence the errors of their 
minds, generously to pardon offences, to act always 
with uprightness, to labor always for the general 
good, by sacrificing their own interests, to render 
homage to truth with a wise intrepidity, to show 
himself above ingratitude and persecution,to ascend 
from the effect to the cause, and thus to secure 
himself from prejudice and from superstition ; such 
is mostly the natural tendency of these models and 
benefactors of our race. 
The contrary takes place with those, in whom 
the organs of the animal qualities and faculties 
have reached:-a very considerable development and 
activity, while the organs of the superior faculties 
are but little developed and have little activity. In 
these, all is subject to sensuality and error. The 
animal impulses are numerous and violent, and 
defeat is the more to be feared as the superior 
faculties and external aid are more feeble. If un- 
fortunately, the dominant propensities are of the 
number of those whose'excessive activity over- 
throws social order—will the philosophic judge be 
astonished, if these men too often become the 
victims of their organisation ? 
TACT. 

What is Tact? ’tis worth revealing— 
"Tis delicacy’s finest feeling ; 
It is to scan another’s breast, 
To know the thought ere half exprest ; 
If word or tone should waken pain, 
To drop the subject or the strain ; 
To mark each change, each shade to know, 
From care’s cold brow to pleasure’s glow : 
To read in the averted eye 
Refusal now or sympathy ; 
Now catch the sigh, the timid tone, 
And make the speaker’s thought your own. 
‘Yo twme around, with winning art, 
And gently steal away the heart. 


