INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS. 323 



3. Rude and Sculptured monuments, &c. 



4. Temples, &c. in tie Dravidian or Southern style. 



5. Temples in the Chalukya, Rajput or Northern style. 



6. Mediaeval remains. 



7. Modern Hindu remains. 



8. Musalrnan remains. 



The following extract from his notes on the peculiarities of the 

 various eras and styles, though somewhat lengthy, is interesting, 

 and will serve to illustrate the above classification. 



' ; The earliest architectural remains are those of the Buddhists, ranging from about 

 250 B.C. to the seventh or eighth century A.D. chiefly in the form of rock -cut 

 tempLs and monasteries. The dahgoba — large cylindrical structures with a domed 

 top surmounted by a capital — and the arched roofs of the Chaitya or temple-caves are 

 characteristic marks of Buddhist caves, so also is the prevalence of the Chaitya window 

 or horse-shoe-shaped arch as an ornament ; though in a modified form, this is also 

 found in early Brahmanical buildings and caves. The viharas or monasteries have 

 usually cells round them often with stone benches or beds inside. 



" The style and subjects of sculpture, where there is any, will also generally indicate 

 whether a cave is Buddhist or Brahmanical, and it should be so described. In Sind.h 

 there are, at least, two Buddhist topes, huge dahgobas, usually of brick; and there are 

 possibly a few ruined temples in the northern zillahs of the Presidency that may have 

 been Buddhist ; all such remains should be carefully inquired for and reported on. 



" Caves. — Jaina caves are sometimes so like the later Buddhist caves at Ajanta that 

 they are difficult to distinguish by those not versed in their peculiarities. Those at 

 Dbarasinva are of this character ; generally the nudity of the images, their snakes, and 

 ringlets at once mark them. 



"Brahmanical caves are not so numerous as the Buddhist ones, but they are quite as 

 interesting, and search might bring more of them to light. They range probably from 

 the 5th to the 8th century A.D. Instances of S'aiva caves are to be seen at Elephanta 

 and Joges'wari near Bombay, at Elura, and at Aihole and Badami in Kaladgi, and two 

 fine Vaishnava ones at the last-named place. Brahmanical caves, so far as yet known, 

 consist of halls with a single cell or shrine, and occasionally, as at Elephanta, with one 

 or two small cells for utensils, &c, but without rooms for monks along their sides, 

 The sect to which a cave belonged is determined by the sculptures ; the Linga, Ganapati, 

 S'iva, Bhairava, Arddhauari, Ravana, Bhringi, Parvati, Mahisasuri, &c, figuring 

 prominently in S'aiva, and Vishnu, Varaha, Nrisihha, Virabhadra, Garuda, &c, in 

 Vaishnava caves. 



" Monuments. — In Belgaum, Kaladgi, and elsewhere there are scattered groups of 

 dolmens, formed of large rough slabs set on edge with a huge capstone laid over them; 

 there are, perhaps, also to be found barrows or mounds, as in Shorapur, marking 

 ancient places of sepulture. So little is known of them from competent investigators, 

 that it is desirable to know more about their numbers and distribution over the 

 country ; of the local traditions respecting their origin ; of the different names, such as 

 Kodi Kols, &c, by which they are known ; and that those that have escaped destruc- 

 tion at the hands of vulgar curiosity, or the hammers of Wadaris, should be carefully 

 protected. Similar remains should be looked for in all districts. One dolmen was 

 recently discovered in Northern Gujarat. 



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