324 INDIAN ARCH^IOLOGICAL SURVEYS. 



" Upright monumental stones or menhirs are less common than the table-stone or 

 dolmen, but instances of their existence should be noted. 



" Paliyas and sati stones in Gujarat and Kachh and the padukas or footprints of 

 Sadhus are too numerous to register ; but there are many varieties of each, and 

 instances of the oldest and finest in each class should be noted. On the older paliyas, 

 too, are sculptured the style of dress and warlike accoutrements of olden times — chain 

 armour, horses in mail, bows and arrows, swords of various sorts, shields, javelins, &c, 

 and not unfrequently the names of reigning princes, &c, with dates. Copies of some 

 of these would be very useful. For example, if the paliya of Lakha Phulani exists at 

 Adkot and can be read, the date and era on it would settle an important point in the 

 chronology of Kachh and Gujarat. Such as are likely to be of interest should be 

 noted. 



" Styles. — The Dravidian style of Hindu architecture prevails chiefly in the southern 

 districts of the Presidency and of the Haidarabad territory, and is characterized by its 

 massiveness in walls, pillars, &c. ; the principal architectural lines in the roofs and 

 spires are horizontal, making the latter resemble storeyed pyramids ; and the vertical 

 breaks in the wall line are of but slight projection, sometimes set off with slender 

 pilasters with or without sculptures between. In the earlier remains of this style the 

 pillars are generally very thick and square or octagou, with heavy bracket capitals ; in 

 the latter they are sometimes round, and generally remarkable for the number of 

 horizontal members on the shafts and bases ; the capitals (except the abaci) are 

 circular with bracket sur-capitals. The remains iu this style belong to the period 

 between the 5th and early part of the 13th century. As examples of it may be 

 mentioned the Kailas temple at Elura, the Seven Pagodas near Madras, ami all the 

 temples in the first report of the Arehccological Survey of Western India — only one 

 at Pattadkal, represented in Plate XLVL, has a spire in the Chahskya style. 



" The Chalukya style ranges from the 9th to the middle of the 14th century, 

 and is characterized generally by more elaborateness of ornament, by balconies and 

 roofings supported by richly-carved brackets, by the outer faces of the walls of shrines 

 being broken up into a series of projecting corners with equal faces, and by pillars 

 square in section with a projecting face on each side, or like a square pillar with a 

 slightly narrower but very thin pilaster added to each side. These latter, however, 

 while the typical section ivas retained, were liable to great modification from the great 

 amount of sculpture often lavished on them. The spires arc proportionately loftier 

 than those of the southern style, with a couple or more of successive projections on 

 each side: the faces and lines of projection are vertical at first, but higher up they fall 

 inwards with a gentle curve towards the summit, which is crowned by a hulas or finial 

 varying in form and size with the locality and age of the building. The walls are 

 often elaborately carved with belts of figures, and the stones are carefully fitted and 

 clamped inside, but without mortar. Some of the finest examples of this style are to 

 be found in the gates at Jhinjuwada, the gates and Hint Temple at Dabhoi, the temple 

 at Mudhera, and Rudra Mala at Siddhpur in Gujarat, and in the Jaina Temples at 

 Mount Abu, in the small temple at Aniaranath near Kalyan, and in some shrines at 

 Pattadkal and Aihole in Kaladgi. 



" To these two seems to have succeeded what may be called the mediaval style 

 combining some of the features of each, and covering the period from about 1150 to 

 1600 A.D. To it belong most of the Jain temples and the later Hindu temples in 

 Gujarat, and those temples usually described as ' Hemadpanti ' in Khandesh, Berar, 

 and the Haidarabad territory, dating from about the 12th to the middle of the 14th 



