GREAT EPIDEMICS—ASIATIC CHOLERA. arg 
ber of that year it had reached Astrakhan. It appeared 
there, however, for a short time only; but, in 1829, the chol- 
era, which had raged without intermission in Northern Persia 
and Afghanistan, was brought to Orenburg, then to Tiflis, 
then to Astrakhan, and this time it prevailed over all Rus- 
sia. By the 20th of September, 1830, it broke out at Mos- 
cow, where it continued a year. The plague then spread 
as far as Kiev, and throughout all the western provinces of 
Russia up to the frontiers of Poland. The armies at that 
time in the field in that country aided perceptibly in the 
spread of the disease, and the transmission of the epidemic 
by the movement of troops was distinctly observed there 
for the first time. In May and June, 1831, Moldavia and 
Galicia, and, in August, Prussia, were invaded; then came 
the turn of Hungary, Transylvania, and the Baltic coasts. 
The 27th of January, in 1832, the cholera was announced 
at Edinburgh, and on the 10th of February its presence 
was made known in London. From the English coasts the 
scourge threatened France and Holland. The 15th of 
March, 1832, it appeared at Calais, and on the 26th of 
March it was at Paris. The epidemic in the great city 
lasted six months; it gained its greatest intensity the 9th 
of April, on which day there were eight hundred and 
fourteen deaths, remained stationary for a few days, and 
then began to decrease; eighteen thousand four hundred 
people were carried off, out of a population of nine hundred 
and forty-five thousand inhabitants. From Paris the plague 
had radiated in all directions, and reached the rest of 
France by slow degrees. English emigrants had carried it 
on the other hand to America, Portugal, and Spain. It 
did not reach Italy before 1835. Switzerland and Greece 
were spared. The first invasion, as we see, was very slow; 
it took twenty years to reach all the world. The latter 
invasions will display more rapidity. Owing to the activ- 
ity of transfers, the speed and frequency of communication, 
