194 
ANGART 
RETART 

A.C. GILL AND R. FRICKE 
Fig. 2 Lateral view of lower jaw and suspensorium of Anisochromis kenyae, RUSI 4906, 23.3 mm SL, right side reversed. ANGART — angularticular; 
DEN — dentary; ECTPT — ectopterygoid; HYOM — hyomandibula; INTHY, interhyal; IOP, interopercle; LIG — ligament between palatine and 
mesopterygoid; MESPT, mesopterygoid; METPT, metapterygoid; OP, opercle; PAL, palatine; POP, preopercle; QUAD, quadrate; RETART, retro- 
articular; SOP, subopercle; SYM, symplectic. Cartilage shown in coarse stipple. Scale bar = 1 mm. 
PCH 

DEN VHH 
SMHL DHH ACH 
——— 
Fig.3 Medial view of right side dentary and hyoid bar with associated 
ligaments of Anisochromis kenyae, RUSI 4906, 23.3 mm SL. ACH, 
anterior ceratohyal; BR, branchiostegal rays; CHL, ligament extending 
between posterior and anterior ceratohyals; DEN, dentary; DHH, dorsal 
hypohyal; PCH, posterior ceratohyal; PMHL, posterior mandibulohyoid 
ligament (portion obscured by anterior ceratohyal shown in broken 
lines); SMHL, symphyseal mandibulohyoid ligament; VHH, ventral 
hypohyal. Cartilage shown in coarse stipple. Scale bar = 1 mm. 
or the coronoid process (anisochromines) of the dentary (Fig. 3). 
We interpret this change in orientation as an autapomorphy of the 
Anisochrominae. Although the former (symphyseal) ligament is 
well-developed in congrogadines examined by us (including 
species of Blennodesmus Ginther, Congrogadus Ginther, 
Halidesmus Giinther and Haliophis Riippell) and in the basalmost 
genus Rusichthys Winterbottom (R.D. Mooi, pers. comm.), the 
latter (posterior) ligament is apparently absent (which may thus 
represent a synapomorphy of the Congrogadinae). 
4. Dentary not forked. In congrogadines, pseudochromines and 
pseudoplesiopines, the dentary is distinctly forked posteriorly, 
with a relatively narrow lamina of bone connecting the promi- 
nent coronoid and ventral processes; this condition is typical of 
perciform fishes. In anisochromines, the coronoid and ventral 
processes are united by a broad lamina of bone, so that the 
posterior margin of the dentary is weakly concave to almost 
vertical (Figs 2, 3). 
. Medial origin of Al section of adductor mandibulae. In pseudo- 
chromines, pseudoplesiopines and most congrogadines, a 
strap-like A, section of the adductor mandibulae originates from 
the vertical limb of the preopercle, overlying other cheek muscu- 
lature (Godkin & Winterbottom, 1985: figs 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A and 
2B). In some derived congrogadines, the A, section is fused to the 
A, section (Godkin & Winterbottom, 1985: fig. 2C). Aniso- 
chromines have a strap-like A, section, but it originates on the 
vertical limb of the preopercle medial to the dorsolateral fibres of 
the A, section (Godkin & Winterbottom, 1985: fig. 1D). 
. High number of epineural bones. Epineural bones are present on 
all precaudal vertebrae, and, depending on species, on caudal 
vertebrae | through 2—8 in pseudochromines and pseudoplesio- 
pines (Gill, in press; Gill & Edwards, in press). Taken in the 
context of Gill’s (1998) interpretation of intermuscular homo- 
logy in congrogadines, Godkin & Winterbottom’s (1985) 
descriptions indicate that, depending on species and specimen 
size, epineural bones may be confined to the first few precaudal 
vertebrae, or ‘present as far back as the first few caudal vertebrae’ 
in congrogadines. In anisochromines, epineural bones are present 
on all precaudal vertebrae, extending posteriorly on to the first 
10-17 caudal vertebrae. 
. Low number of circumpeduncular scales. Depending on species, 
pseudochromines and pseudoplesiopines usually have 16 or 
more circumpeduncular scales; although two pseudochromine 
species (Cypho zaps Gill and Pseudochromis striatus Gill, Shao 
and Chen) may have as few as 14 circumpeduncular scales, the 
modal count for both is 16 (Gill, in press). Circumpeduncular 
counts are not obtainable in congrogadines, as the dorsal and anal 
fins are confluent with the caudal fin (fin condition not deter- 
mined for the basal congrogadine Rusichthys plesiomorphus 
Winterbottom, but confluent in its congener R. explicitus 
Winterbottom; Winterbottom, 1996); nevertheless, congrogadines 
have numerous, small scales on the caudal peduncle. In 
anisochromines, the scales on the caudal peduncle are relatively 
large, with only 12-14, modally 12, circumpeduncular scales. 
. Low number of lower-limb gill rakers. Numbers of outer rakers 
on the lower limb of the gill arch (those on ceratobranchial 1 — 
