REVISION OF ANISOCHROMINAE 
13-15 (14/14), upper 1-2 (1/1) and lower 0-1 (0/0) rays simple; 
pelvic-fin rays I,4, medial ray small, inconspicuous and unbranched, 
all other segmented rays branched; upper procurrent caudal-fin rays 
4-6 (5); lower procurrent caudal-fin rays 3-4 (4); principal caudal- 
fin rays 8 + 8, upper 0-1 (0) and lower 0-1 (0) unbranched; total 
caudal-fin rays 23-26 (25); scales in lateral series 41-45 (43/43); 
anterior lateral-line scales 32—39 (32/34): anterior lateral line ter- 
minating beneath segmented dorsal-fin ray 18—24 (18/19); predorsal 
scales 4—7 (6); scales in transverse series 11-14 + 1 + 2-3 = 14-18 
(12 + 1 + 3/13 + 1 + 2); circumpeduncular scales 12—14 (12); gill 
rakers 2 + 2-3, sometimes with 1—2 tiny rudiments (inconspicuous 
ossifications bearing a few or no teeth) above and below rakers (gill 
raker count not determined in holotype); pseudobranch filaments 6— 
7 (not determined in holotype). 
Cephalic laterosensory pores (all bilaterally paired, unless 
otherwise stated): nasal pores 2—3 (2/2); anterior interorbital pores 
1—3 (2/2); posterior interorbital pores (unpaired) 1—2 (2); supraotic 
pores 1—3 (3/2); suborbital pores 8—13 (12/11); posterior otic pores 
2-7 (3/2); preopercular pores 9—15 (13/13); dentary pores 34 (4/4); 
intertemporal pores 1—2 (1/1); anterior temporal pores 0-1 (1/1); 
posttemporal pores 1; total parietal pores 14—30 (25). 
As percentage of standard length (based on 20 specimens, 16.7— 
27.0 mm SL): body depth at dorsal-fin origin 19.2—21.8 (21.8); 
greatest body depth 20.6—23.8 (23.8); head width 11.5—13.7 (12.1); 
head length 24.6-28.6 (27.2); snout length 4.2-5.7 (5.4); orbit 
diameter 6.5—9.0 (7.1); interorbital width 3.3-4.5 (3.8); upper jaw 
length 9.1-10.5 (10.5); caudal peduncle depth 12.7—15.6 (14.2); 
caudal peduncle length 8.2—10.7 (9.6); predorsal length 27.7—31.7 
(30.5); preanal length 48.9-52.9 (49.8); prepelvic length 22.6—25.7 
(23.4); first segmented dorsal-fin ray length 7.9-10.1 (7.9); third- 
from-last segmented dorsal-fin ray length 11.7—14.9 (14.2); dorsal-fin 
base length 62.0—-66.9 (66.9); first segmented anal-fin ray length 
6.9-8.9 (7.1); third-from-last segmented anal-fin ray length 12.3— 
14.4 (13.8); anal-fin base length 38.1-41.8 (41.0); caudal-fin length 
17.8-20.7 (20.5); pectoral-fin length 15.9-20.8 (19.2); pelvic-fin 
length 10.5-17.8 (15.1). 
Lower lip complete with deep symphyseal notch; fin spines weak 
and flexible; anterior dorsal-fin pterygiophore formula S/S/(S”) + 2/1 
+ 1 (S/S/2/1 + 1); 21-24 (23) consecutive dorsal-fin pterygiophores 
inserting in 1:1 relationship directly behind neural spine 4; anterior 
anal-fin pterygiophore formula 2/1 + 1,2+ 1/1 or2+1+ 1/1 (2/1 +1); 
12-16 (13) consecutive anal-fin pterygiophores inserting in 1:1 
relationship directly behind haemal spine 2; fourth segmented pelvic- 
fin ray longest; caudal fin rounded; ctenoid scales beginning at 3-14 
(4/3) transverse scale rows behind branchial opening; dorsal and anal 
fins without distinct scale sheaths, though often with intermittent 
scales overlapping fin bases; intermittent series of centrally pitted 
scales originating on midside above anterior part of anal fin, extending 
posteriorly along caudal peduncle to middle part of caudal-fin base; 
additional 1—3 centrally pitted scales present above and below pitted 
scale(s) on middle part of caudal-fin base; cheeks, operculum and 
upper part of head without scales; predorsal scales extending anteriorly 
to point ranging from about 2/3 distance from dorsal origin to parietal 
commissure, to just short of parietal commissure; vertebrae 10—11 + 
23-25 = 33-35 (10+ 24); epurals 2; epineurals present on vertebrae | 
through 20-27 (22); pleural ribs present on vertebrae 3 through 10, the 
ultimate rib very small to moderately developed. 
Upper jaw with 3 or 4 (at symphysis) to 1 or 2 (on sides of jaw) 
irregular rows of small conical teeth, those of outer row much larger; 
lower jaw with 2 or 3 (at symphysis) to 1 (on sides of jaw) rows of 
small conical teeth, those of outer row much larger; vomer with | or 
2 rows of small conical teeth arranged in chevron; palatines eden- 
tate; tongue edentate and moderately pointed. 
201 
LIVE COLORATION 
Males (based on a photograph of a probable paratype, and on the 
description given by Springer et al., 1977: 4) head bright reddish 
orange, with black-edged white stripe extending from posterodorsal 
rim of orbit, above upper part of preopercle, to upper edge of 
operculum; two white spots on posteroventral rim of orbit, at about 
3 and 5 o’clock positions; narrow dark grey bar extending from 
ventral part of orbital rim to posterior edge of maxilla; iris yellow, 
red centrally, with radiating brown bars; reddish orange coloration 
extending slightly on to anterior part of body, rapidly grading to 
uniform black; dorsal, anal and caudal fins black basally, becoming 
grey to greyish hyaline on distal margin; base of dorsal fin with 
small, intermittent pale grey spots; pectoral fin dark grey to black 
basally, remainder of fin greyish hyaline, with fin rays dark grey; 
pelvic fin black, with distal margin pale grey to hyaline. Females 
(based on photographs of two probable paratypes, and on the 
description given by Springer et al., 1977: 4) head olive-brown to 
brown dorsally, becoming pale green to lime green ventrally, with 
two pale olive bars on nape; large dark grey to black spot on 
subopercle, bordered irregularly with white; black-edged white 
stripe extending from posterodorsal rim of orbit, above upper part of 
preopercle, to upper edge of operculum; two white spots or clusters 
of white spots on posteroventral rim of orbit, at about 3 and 5 o’clock 
positions; narrow dark brown to grey bar extending from ventral part 
of orbital rim to posterior edge of maxilla; iris red, with radiating 
brown bars; body generally orange-brown, becoming olive to dusky 
green posteriorly; dorsal part of body with short, indistinct olive- 
brown bars, alternating with pale olive to orange-brown bars; pale 
olive to orange-brown bars sometimes extending on to lower part of 
body, becoming pale pink ventrally; broad orange-yellow area often 
present on side of body; dorsal and anal fins dusky green to dusky 
orange; barring on upper part of body extending slightly on to 
dorsal-fin base; dark bars on posterior part of dorsal-fin base some- 
times bearing dark grey to black punctate spots; distal margins of 
dorsal and anal fins abruptly pale grey to hyaline; caudal fin olive to 
lime green basally, remainder of fin dusky olive to dusky orange; 
fleshy pectoral-fin base dusky orange to dusky olive, with scattered 
small white spots; pectoral fin lime green basally, becoming green- 
ish to orangish hyaline distally; pelvic fin olive to grey basally, 
remainder of fin dark olive to dark grey, with pale grey to hyaline 
distal margin. 
PRESERVED COLORATION 
Males (Fig. 8C, 12): pattern generally similar to live coloration, 
head and anterior part of body becoming pale brown, paler ventrally; 
pale markings on head obsolete; dark spots and stripes on head 
remain, though sometimes faint, becoming brown to dark grey- 
brown; body behind pectoral-fin base dark grey-brown; several 
indistinct pale brown spots sometimes present on anterodorsal part 

Fig. 12. Anisochromis straussi, USNM 216463, 24.7 mm SL, male, 
paratype, Saint Brandon’s Shoals. (Photograph by P. Hurst) 
