Parrish (1976). Distributions of Pacific mackerel, Scom- 

 ber japonicus, are similar to those for central and 

 southern subpopulations of northern anchovy shown in 

 Figure 18C. 



CONCLUSIONS 



The present study has demonstrated the utility of his- 

 torical marine observations in describing details of sur- 

 face properties over an area of the North Pacific Ocean. 

 Resolution by 1-degree square and long-term month is 

 feasible when the amplitude of the seasonal cycle is 

 large. This method of summarization may fail in regions 

 of sparse data, or in the tropics where long-term fluc- 

 tuations frequently obscure the seasonal cycle. 



Summarization of these data by 1-degree square, 

 month, and year often fails to produce consistent time 

 series. The resulting fields may not be statistically sig- 

 nificant if the mean values are based on too few obser- 

 vations. Objective analysis provides a method to obtain 

 consistency in time and space. However, with these 

 methods, continuity in time is gained at the expense of 

 spatial resolution. An empirical approach might be used 

 to calibrate the large-scale analyzed fields in terms of the 

 features evident in higher resolution distributions, such 

 as those presented in this report. The resulting time 

 series could be related to fluctuations of marine 

 biological communities which must respond to wide 

 variations in environmental conditions on time scales 

 ranging from a few days to several years. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



The author is indebted to Andrew Bakun for his 

 original suggestions, constructive criticism, and con- 

 tinued encouragement throughout the course of this 

 work. Gunter R. Seckel and David M. Husby provided 

 invaluable advice, many stimulating discussions, and 

 reviewed the completed manuscript. Grateful apprecia- 

 tion is extended to James H. Johnson for providing the 

 opportunity to complete this research. All are colleagues 

 at the Pacific Environmental Group, National Marine 

 Fisheries Service, NOAA. Historical surface marine data 

 and electronic computing and plotting facilities were 

 provided by the U.S. Navy, Fleet Numerical Weather 

 Central. 



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