World Literature to Fish Hybrids With an Analysis 

 by Family, Species, and Hybrid: Supplement 1 



FRANK J. SCHWARTZ' 



ABSTRACT 



Supplement 1 comprises 1,814 citations published between 1971 and October 1980 which deal with fish hybrids 

 of the world. Continuing the format of the original compilation, each reference has been read, analyzed, and 

 referenced by author, family, species, and hybrid cross. 



INTRODUCTION 



This supplement compilation is a continuation of the hybrid 

 bibliography published by Schwartz in 1972 as: Publication 3 of 

 the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Museum, Ocean Springs, 

 Miss., 328 p. The 1972 publication comprised 1,945 citations 

 published prior to 1971. An additional 594 papers, published 

 between 1820 and 1970 are included in the present publication. 

 This supplement publication contains a total of 1,814 papers 

 published between 1971 and October 1980. As in the original, 

 each reference has been read, analyzed, and referenced by 

 author, family, species, and hybrid cross. 



Examination of this bibliography reveals that a handful of 

 scientists from Europe, Asia, Japan, and the United States still 

 dominate the world literature on fish hybrids. English, Russian, 

 and German are the main languages in which hybrid papers are 

 published. Contrary to the 1972 compilation, present day hybrid 

 study emphasis has changed drastically from pure hybrid 

 descriptions to DNA, allele, and isozyme crosses, to more work 

 in producing hybrids to meet man's food needs (i.e., sturgeons 

 in Russia, striped bass-white bass crosses in the United States, 

 carp-goldfish-grass carp crosses in Israel and Asia). Misra's 

 seven papers (1971-75) are the most extensive in attempting 

 mathematical definition and testing of a hybrid's status and 

 designation. 



This supplement treats a total of 50 families of fishes with 

 known hybrid crosses. The bulk of the hybrids are members of 

 the families Centrarchidae, Cyprinidae, Poeciliidae, and 

 Salmomdae. This contrasts with the original compilation. 



PROBLEMS WITH LITERATURE 



An inherent problem in dealing with the world hybrid fish 

 literature continued to be the definition of what was a hybrid. 

 To sort out all the definitions and make arbitrary decisions as to 

 an author's real meaning or interpretation would have taken far 

 longer than the 8 yr spent in preparing this publication. I leave 

 final decisions of definitions and interpretation to the reader. 



Similarly, decisions relating to systematic status of many of 

 the species or crosses listed are left to the reader. Currently, 



'Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, 3407 Arendell St., 

 Morehead City, NC 28557. 



families are being lumped or split, species are constantly being 

 updated by recent work, and even old established species names 

 have been changed. I am fully aware of these changes but rather 

 than have to make again many arbitrary decisions of what 

 should be a particular specie's or hybrid's true identity or to 

 what species the author was really referring, I left them cited as 

 originally found or spelled. Only the families have been updated 

 (where lumped) to relieve the confusion of referring to family 

 names not now recognized. Thus, the family Salmonidae is not 

 treated by its subfamilies Coregoninae, Salmoninae, or 

 Thymallinae. The remaining families which have had minor 

 status changes have been updated (Scombridae to include 

 Cybiidae) so that no subfamilies are treated. 



Further problems existed in whether a reference was dealing 

 with a natural or experimental hybrid. Few authors, other than 

 those where experimental results were evident or so stated, 

 specifically earmarked what they were studying. 



While all would wish to find only one spelling of a species 

 name, all variations were included. The same is true of author 

 names which, in Russian, were often spelled many ways (i.e., 

 Nikioljuki, Nikoljukin, Nikolukin, Nikolyukin). 



One other problem that persisted, from the original publica- 

 tion, was that many authors, especially European, cited a hybrid 

 cross by listing the male species first, followed by the female 

 partner. Others, the majority, listed the female member of the 

 hybrid first, with the male species second. I kept the entries as 

 they were originally cited and, where known, have included the 

 female (usually first) or male cross designations (i.e., Cyprinus 

 carpio d x Carassius auratus 9 )■ 



Further problems arose in how to cite female workers. Most 

 compilations spell out a woman's first name with only initials 

 designating male authors. Herein, all names of women are listed 

 by initial only, except those of Russian or Slavic origin where the 

 "a" ending signifies a woman. Because this bibliography was 

 computer created I have not included any diacritic marks for 

 Germanic, Slavic, or other languages. Author's names, such as 

 McAfee, have the "c" on the same line rather than one-half 

 space upward. Another frustrating aspect of the bibliography 

 was in dealing with Russian references published by Rybnoe 

 Khoziastvoe as there are two journals with the same name, one 

 published in Kiev, the other in Moscow. Most literature citations 

 failed to note city of publication. This along with use of the issue 

 numbers as volume numbers created havoc and delays in a cita- 

 tion's retrieval. I have noted the city of publication in every 

 case, where feasible. 



