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Abbott, R. T. 1954. 



American Seashells. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., N.J., 541 p. 



It is assumed that more recent books on the same subject by this author, 

 abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography, contain the same, or more 

 up-to-date information on the species of Mevaenavia (=Venus). - J.L.M. 



Abbott, R. Tucker. 1970. 



How to know the American marine shells. A Signet Book, New American Library, 

 Times Mirror, N.Y. Revised ed. W-6528, 222 p. 



The hard-shelled clam Meraenaria goes through a male phase in which functional 

 sperm is produced when the clam is only a few months old. Later about half of 

 the population turns female. Under adverse environmental conditions more 

 females than males are present. This is a survival mechanism. A figure is 

 given showing hinge ligament, anterior and posterior muscle scars, pallial 

 line and sinus, lunule,and cardinal teeth. There are many local names, 

 including quahaug, hard-shelled clam, littleneck, and cherrystone. Classifi- 

 cation is: Kingdom Animalia, Subkingdom Invertebrata, Phylum Mollusca, Class 

 Pelecypoda, Order Eulamellibranchia, Suborder Heterodonta, Family Veneridae, 

 Genus Meraenaria, Species mevoenaria Linne. Distribution Canada to Florida. 

 Very common. Used in chowders and on half shell. External morphology 

 described. The form notata Say from the same region has external, brown, 

 zigzag mottlings. M. campeahiensis ranges from Va. to Tex. It is very 

 similar but much more obese, lacks smooth central area on outside of valves, 

 and lunule is usually as wide as long. In vicinity of St. Petersburg, Fla. 

 is a malformed race with sharp, elevated ridge inside each valve, passing 

 from umbo obliquely backward to pallial sinus. Southern quahog is common but 

 not extensively used commercially. A useful glossary is included. - J.L.M. 



Abbott, R. Tucker. 1972. 



Kingdom of the seashell. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York (2nd printing, 

 1975) , 256 p. 



A beautifully illustrated, popular account of conchology. References to 

 Meraenaria mercenaria include an account of the preparation and uses of shell 

 money or wampum. Black wampum came from purple parts of shell. Beads 

 usually were 1/3 inch diameter, 1/8 inch long, and drilled for stringing. 

 White wampum was usually made from Busy con shells. Wampum was used as 

 currency soon after white men came, by Indians and colonists. A 6-foot 

 strand was worth about 5 shillings. In the early 1700s it could be used as 

 fare on the Brooklyn ferry. A wampum factory run by white men operated in 

 northern New Jersey for a few years. Wampum was finally outlawed as currency 

 early in the 1800s when counterfeits flooded the market. In the form of 

 long, wide belts, wampum was used to record treaties , _ and other important 

 transactions between Indian nations. Presumably the record was preserved by 

 patterns woven with white and colored beads. A brief account of the hard 

 clam industry and life history of the species is included. All mollusks 

 probably produce pearls occasionally. The pearl of a porcellaneous, dull, 

 white shell like hard clam will have color and luster similar to the shell 

 itself. Hard clam pearls often are purple or shaded with purple. Antiviral 

 and antitumor properties of mercenene and paolins from clams and abalone are 

 mentioned. - J.L.M. 



Abdulappa, M. K., and J. S. S. Lakshminarayana. 1968. 



Pathogenesis of helminths in the Mollusca and their relation to water quality. 

 In Proc. Symp. Mollusca, Pt. III. Mar. Biol. Assn. India, Mandapam Camp: 

 758-779. 



This review paper covers other subjects not suggested in the title, such as 

 bacterial and viral contamination of mollusks and indicators of pollution. 



