45 



Anonymous. 19 35. 



Canarsie clams and typhoid fever. 

 3: 87-89. 



N.Y. City Dept. Health, Quart. Bull. 



Not until 1915 could any considerable number of cases of typhoid fever in 

 New York City be traced to infected shellfish, despite careful investigation. 

 For the next 10 years no group of cases could be attributed to shellfish. 

 Then in 1924-25 an outbreak of over 625 cases was traced to infected 

 shellfish from the shores of Long Island. This was part of a much more 

 extensive epidemic which reached as far as Chicago, and led to strict 

 regulatory measures. From 1924 to 1935 the number of cases of typhoid fever 

 in New York City dropped irregularly from 1,687 to something over 300 per 

 year. Those attributable to shellfish ranged from 22.7% in 1924 to a low of 

 2.3% in 1932, with rises in incidence in 1933 and 1935. Although Canarsie 

 Beach was posted with warning signs, extensive publicity had been given to 

 the danger, and the Beach was patrolled, surreptitious digging of clams 

 (presumably hard clam) persisted. The Department of Health was removing 

 clams from the area, breaking them up, and dumping them at sea. - J.L.M. 



46 



Anonymous. 1936. 



Surveying sewage pollution in shell fish producing waters. 

 July 9, 1936: 49-50. 



Eng. News-Record, 



As a result of considerabl 

 Health Service arrived at 

 the 1 cc tubes in an area 

 is to be used to take shel 

 far western end of Raritan 

 northwest of Sandy Hook Po 

 rest of the Bay were satis 

 Hook Point was ordered clo 

 City opened markets to pro 



e experimental and field work the U.S. Public 

 the conclusion that generally not more than 50% of 

 should show the presence of B. aoli if that area 

 lfish for market. B. aoli was found high in the 



Bay, and in that portion to the north and 

 int. Except for isolated cases, results in the 

 factory. An additional area adjacent to Sandy 

 sed. After proper action by New Jersey, New York 

 ducts coming from approved sources. - J.L.M. 



47 



Anonymous. 1936. 



Temperature and hibernation of hard-shell clams. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. , 

 Bull. 252: 4. 



A brief progress report on studies completed by V. L. Loosanoff on Venus 

 meraenaria in tanks in which water was renewed with every tidal excursion. 

 Clams were immobilized by imbedding one valve in concrete and shell 

 movements were recorded. Temps varied from to 2 8°C, thus covering the 

 entire natural range for the area. Critical hibernation temp lay between 

 5° and 6°C. At 0°C clams remained closed 100% of the time; at 1 to 2.9° 

 closed 100% (29 clams); from 3 to 4.9° shells of 30 clams were open 6.5% 

 of the time; and as soon as 5 to 5.9° was reached shell activity increased 

 markedly, clams remaining open 35 to 40% of the time. Clams at 8° were 

 open 65% of the time; 10 to 11°C 75 to 85%; and from 12 to 28°C 80 to 90% 

 of the time. Undoubtedly growth and fattening of clams, and development of 

 sexual products, are dependent upon the length of time valves are open, 

 hence the clam can feed. - J.L.M. 



48 



Anonymous. 1941. 



High court rejects B. aoli as indicating unsafe water. Water Works 

 Engineering 94: 516-517, 527. 



13 



