62 



63 



64 



65 



Anonymous. 1970. 



A study of the effects of a commercial hydraulic clam dredge on benthic 



communities in estuarine areas - Florida. Fla. Mar. Res. Lab., Fed. 



Aid Progr. Rept. (completion) 2-53-R, June 21, 1967 - June 30, 1970, 55 p. 



It is assumed that this is essentially the same as a published report by 

 Godcharles (1971) , with the same title, issued as no. 64 in the Marine 

 Research Lab. Technical Series. This is abstracted elsewhere in this 

 bibliography under the author's name. - J.L.M. and M.W.S. 



Anonymous. 19 70. 



Cultures marines. Essais d' acclimatation du clam, Venus meraenaria, 



en milieu lagunaire Mediterraneen. Science et Peche, Bull. Inst. Peches 



Marit. 193: 1-13. 



Describes work conducted from May 1964 to May 1969 under support from CNEXO. 

 Grand Etang de Thau was the principal site of experiments. Work ceased in 

 May 1969 because experimental clams were stolen in the experimental area and 

 considerable losses were suffered elsewhere through pollution. Difficulties 

 encountered were : problems of obtaining young clams, of finding a favorable 

 environment relatively easy of access, and various intrusions in the 

 experimental areas. None was considered insurmountable, however. The 

 experience suggested that the following requirements should be met: 1) an 

 experimental area of sufficient dimensions and with water deep enough to 

 diminish the probability of poaching; 2) examine the possibility of 

 operating in deep water in terms of setting; 3) authorize use of an 

 experimental basin like that at Bouziges , but larger and free from 

 pollution, and where renewal of water will be easier; and 4) ensure 

 surveillance and permanent control by a qualified person. - J.L.M. 



Anonymous. 19 70. 



Crabs are serious predators of clams. Comm. Fish. Rev. 32(4): 18. 



Rock crabs. Cancer irroratus , and mud crabs, Neopanope texana , are serious 

 clam predators. Rock crabs, as numerous as 4 per sq m, can destroy as many 

 as 25 10 mm long clams/hr; mud crabs up to 20 per sq m, can destroy up to 

 14 small clams (5 mm long) in 1 hr. Thus these two species of crab could 

 almost destroy a good commercial set of clams. - J.L.M. 



Anonymous. 1971. 



Maine Coastal Resources Renewal. Part 1. The Aquaculture component. State 

 Planning Off., Augusta, 46 p. 



Aquaculture activities in Maine concerned with hard clam, Mercenaria 

 mercenaries., were: laboratory culture by the Dept. of Sea and Shore Fisheries 

 at Wiscasset; and survey of commercially important plants and animals by the 

 Darling Research Center of the Univ. of Maine, also at Wiscasset. Hard clam 

 prospers on shallow bottoms with little tidal scouring but good water 

 movement; is usually found between tides and on shallow gravel, sand, or 

 muddy bottoms. It is cultured by removing seed clams from exposed coastal 

 areas and redistributing them to reduce density and prevent winter exposure. 

 Hard clam is easy to propagate artificially. Can be dredged. Potential 

 exists in selected areas of Casco Bay. To improve yields it is being 

 cultured successfully in commercial laboratories. It cannot tolerate tidal 

 scouring. It is susceptible to predators and pollution, and to disease when 

 cultured intensively. Tradition is a major factor in creating markets. 

 Strong demand for clams in New England makes the area consume 1/2 of the 

 national production of clams, but recent pollution of many flats has forced 

 the region to import 80% of its clam consumption. Hard clam production in 

 Maine has fallen from a peak of 590,000 lbs in 1949 to a yearly average of 

 less than 3,000 lbs in the last decade. The report considers potential and 



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