104 



Ansell, A. D., K. F. Lander, J. Coughlan, and F. A. Loosmore. 1964. 



Studies on the hard-shell clam, Venus meraenaria , in British waters. 

 I. Growth and reproduction in natural and experimental colonies. 

 J. Appl. Ecol. 1(1): 63-82. 



An accidentally introduced, successfully reproducing colony of Venus 

 meraenaria in Southampton Water is compared with experimentally introduced 

 colonies in Poole Harbour and elsewhere. Temp is a major factor affecting 

 growth rate. Where animals are exposed to warm water from cooling water 

 outfalls of electric generating stations the season of growth is extended 

 and the instantaneous rate of growth increased. Exposure to warmed water 

 also produces an earlier build-up of spawning potentiality, and results in 

 a greater production of eggs. V. mercenaria in British waters behaves like 

 an animal near the northernmost limit of its range. The effect of exposure 

 to warmer waters of a generating station is similar to a shift southwards in 

 geographic range. This could be used to develop intensive culture. - J.L.M. 



105 



Arcisz, W., and L. A. Sandholzer. 1947. 



A technological study of the ocean quahog fishery. Coram. Fish. Rev. 9(6): 

 1-21. 



This is a comprehensive account of status of knowledge of Aratica islandica 

 in the mid-1940s, including classification, anatomy, geographic distribution, 

 existing commercial fisheries, fishing methods, processing, food quality, 

 and bacteriological condition. It was located through the key word quahog. 

 Meraenaria meraenaria is not mentioned. 



106 



Arcisz, William, Elsie Wattie, and James L. Dallas. 19 53. 



Seasonal variations of coliforms and enterococci in a closed shellfish area. 

 Natl. Shellf. Assn., Convention Addresses 1951: 1-11. 



Eel Pond, an arm of the sea with a narrow entrance, lies in the center of 

 Woods Hole, Mass. It is moderately polluted year-round, but pollution 

 increases markedly from June to Aug, with influx of summer visitors. 

 Surface water samples were taken at 6 stations at least once a month from 

 Aug 1948 through July 1950. At one station samples of 6 or more Venus 

 meraenaria were taken for bacteriological examination. Coliform MPN/100 ml 

 varied from 208 to 10,500 average monthly values. In general they were 

 highest in summer, lowest in winter, following trend of water temp. A 

 secondary peak in April was attributed to temporary increases in population, 

 as summer residents visited to inspect and prepare their homes. Average 

 monthly counts of enterococci varied from 1.0 to 119.0 MPN/100 ml, highest 

 in Apr, lowest in Oct. Coliform counts in quahogs were lower in winter, 

 higher in summer, than in the water. From Dec through Apr, coliform counts 

 in clams were considerably below the 2,400 MPN/100 ml Public Health Service 

 tentative coliform standard for shellfish other than oysters, while the 

 overlying water was in the grossly polluted range.. Enterococcus values 

 were about the same in clams and water from Dec through Mar, then rose and 

 remained much higher from Apr through Nov. At the station near the entrance 

 to the Pond from which clam samples were taken, coliform and enterococci 

 counts were higher than at other stations. Salinities ranged from 27°/°o 

 to 32°/oo. Water pollution was correlated directly with size of human 

 population. But even in winter, when the population is at a minimum, water 

 quality does not decrease sufficiently to permit harvesting or marketing of 

 shellfish. - J.L.M. 



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