117 



Atwater, W. O. 1892. 



The chemical composition and nutritive values of food-fishes and aquatic 

 invertebrates. In Misc. Doc. 274, House of Reps. 1st Sess. , 51st Congress 

 1889-90. Pt. XVI. Rept. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1888: 679-868. 



Two samples of Venus meroenaria were examined, from Little Neck, N.Y. 

 (whole clams in the shell) and Islip, N.Y. (canned). The following analyses 

 are reported (whole clams first, canned clams in parentheses) : number of 

 clams 20(25); total weight 1,907.5 g (409.5); average weight 95.4 g (16.4); 

 whole specimens, flesh 16.8% (50.55), liquids 14.91% (49.45). Total edible 

 portion 31.71% (100%), shell and other refuse 67.5% (0), loss in preparation 

 0.79% (0), water-free substance of flesh 3.66% (12.35), of liquids 0.73% 

 (4.69), of edible portion 4.39% (17.04). Flesh contained water 78.24% 

 (75.56), water-free substance 21.76% (24.44); liquids contained water 95.12% 

 (90.52), water-free substance 4.88% (9.48); total edible portion contained 

 water 86.18% (82.96), water-free substance 13.82% (17.04). Proximate anal- 

 ysis gave for water-free substance in flesh N 8.52 (10.93), protein calcu- 

 lated as Nx6. 25=53. 25 (68.31), fat 3.39 (5.20), and crude ash 10.19 (9.53); 

 in liquids N 2.96 (6.88), protein 18.50 (43.00), fat 0.34 (2.73), ash 64.97 

 (34.43); in total edible portion N 7.60 (9.81), protein 47.49 (61.32), fat 

 2.88 (4.52), ash 19.28 (16.38). For fresh substance similar analyses gave 

 for flesh: water 78.24 (75.56), N 1.86 (2.67), protein 11.59 (16.70), fat 

 0.74 (1.27), ash 2.22 (2.33); for liauids: water 95.12 (90.52), N 0.14 

 (0.65), protein 0.90 (4.07), fat 0.02 (0.26), ash 3.17 (3.26); for total 

 edible portion: water 86.18 (82.96), water-free substance 13.82 (17.04), 

 N 1.05 (1.67), protein 6.52 (10.45), fat 0.40 (0.77), ash 2. Co (2.79), and 

 extractives 4.24 (3.03). - J.L.M. 



118 



Atwater, W. 0. 1892. 



The chemical composition and nutritive values of food fishes and aquatic 

 invertebrates. U.S. Comm. Fish., Rept. 16, 679 p. 



Data cited by Vinogradov 1953. - J.L.M. 



119 



Atwood, Roger P., James D. Cherry, and Jerome 0. Klein. 1964. 



Clams and viruses: Studies with Coxsackie B5 virus. Unpublished studies. 

 Communicable Disease Center, Hepatitis Surveillance Rept., U.S. Pub. Health 

 Serv. , Atlanta, Ga ., p. 26-27. 



Experiments on Meroenaria meroenaria were made to measure rate of clearance 

 of virus from seawater and clam tissues. Distribution of virus in clam 

 gills was roughly the same as in whole clams. Distribution of virus in sea- 

 water and in whole clam with time was roughly similar. Titer of virus in 

 clam tissues increased in the 1st one or two days, but remained well below 

 initial water titers. Titer in clams declined after 2nd day but somewhat 

 more slowly than in seawater , so that after 6th day the amount of re- 

 coverable virus in clams exceeded that of seawater. Incomplete studies 

 with polio virus Type I and clams also showed no higher titer in clam 

 tissue than in water samples. It was concluded that, although low titer 

 in virus may persist in clams somewhat beyond its extinction point in sea- 

 water, there appears to be no true concentration or multiplication of virus 

 in clam tissue. - J.L.M. 



120 



Avolizi, R. J., and M. A. Nuwayhid. 1974. 



Effects of crude oil and dispersants on bivalves. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 

 5(10) : 149-153. 



Experiments were done on Braohidontes variabilis and Donax trunoulus . 

 Meroenaria meroenaria is not mentioned. Light Arabian crude was most toxic 

 to Donax, Corexit most toxic to the mussel. Oil also depressed significantly 

 the respiration of Braohidontes at sublethal concentrations. - J.L.M. 



34 



