241 



Calabrese, A., R. S. Collier, D. A. Nelson, and J. R. Maclnnes . 1973. 



The toxicity of heavy metals to embryos of the American oyster Crassostrea 

 virginioa. Mar. Biol. 18(3): 162-166. 



This paper was cited, without title, in a 1973 paper as in press. As the 

 title shows: The toxicity of heavy metals to embryos of the American oyster 

 Crassostrea virginiea , hard clam is not mentioned. - J.L.M. and M.W.S. 



242 



Calabrese, A., J. R. Maclnnes, D. A. Nelson, and J. E. Miller. 1977. 



Survival and growth of bivalve larvae under heavy-metal stress. Mar. 

 Biol. 41(2) : 179-184. 



The order of toxicity for Meroenaria meroenaria larvae was Hg (greatest) , 

 Cu, Ag, Zn, and Ni (least) . Growth of hard clam larvae, except in Ni- 

 treated water, was not reduced at LC 5 values, but was reduced markedly at 

 LCcq values. - modified authors' abstract. - J.L.M. 



243 



Campbell, Robert. 19 55. 



Hard clam conservation in Rhode Island. 5th Ann. Conf . on Clam Research, 

 Boothbay Harbor, Me. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.: 32. 



Approximately 32,704 bu were transplanted in summer 1954. - J.L.M. 



244 



Campbell, Robert. 1964. 



A report on the economically important shellfish resources of Raritan Bay. 

 U.S. Dept. H.E.W., Pub. Health Serv., Northeast Shellf. Research Center, 

 Narragansett, R.I. (processed), 11 p. (incl. title page and abstr.), 7 figs. 



Studies of shellfish resources in Raritan Bay, which is about equally shared 

 by New York and New Jersey, were stimulated by an outbreak of infectious 

 hepatitis traced to hard clams taken from the Bay in 1960. Meroenaria 

 meroenaria is the important commercial species, but My a arenaria was more 

 abundant than had been expected. By 1960, almost 90% of the original 

 shellfish grounds had been unavailable for clamming because the waters were 

 polluted by sewage. The hepatitis outbreak led to closing of the entire Bay 

 on 1 May 1960. Samples were taken with a 1/2 yd construction type clamshell 

 bucket operated from a hydraulic winch. Surface area sampled was about 5 ft 

 to a maximum depth of 18 inches. This was satisfactory except where rocks 

 were encountered. Shallow areas were sampled with hand tongs. Hard clams 

 were distributed more evenly north of the boundary between state waters 

 (New York) than in New Jersey, where distribution was spotty. New York 

 waters were more heavily populated, with 1.05 clams/ft 2 as compared with 

 0.47/ft 2 in New Jersey. In New York large clams were 3 times as abundant as 

 littlenecks, in New Jersey the ratio was closer to 1:1. Large clams were of 

 average size 250 clams/bu, littlenecks were 850/bu. Estimated populations 

 were subject to error because size ranges varied and area of bottom was not 

 measured precisely. Standing crop estimates for N.Y. were 291,200 bu of 

 littlenecks and 3,153,000 bu of large clams. Confidence limits (95%) were 

 rather large: total bushels in N.Y. 3,444,110 bu - 667,520. Point estimates 

 for N.J. were: littlenecks 353,000 bu, large 1,040,000 bu, total 1,393,000 bu. 

 The figures are charts showing area, station pattern, and distribution by clam 

 sizes, including sublegals (46 mm or less). The calculated sampling area was 

 about 50,000 acres. - J.L.M. 



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